专升本英语词组、语法总结

Sunny smile

专升本考试日近，为了满足大家的要求，同时实现自己在课堂上的承诺，现在把专升本语法部分的命题趋势和解题关键整理出来，以期助你们在考试中更有把握的得到该得到的分数。 注意：

本文仅为个人非官方非权威预测，与任何机构和个人无关。

本文旨在点击重点，以及针对重点“授人以渔”，因此，烦请不要问我能不能“押中”原题。 请结合我去年发表的日志——《硝烟更浓——升本复习中的重点》一文系统复习，充分备战！

语法很重要，但不是全部，专升本复习要全面进行，每一块都要合理安排时间不断深化！ 来到这里看到文章的，都请留下你的脚印。

根据过去九年升本考试的考查重点，结合近几年（尤其是06——08年）考察的热门知识点，可把2010年专升本语法的考察的热点锁定在以下几块：非谓语动词、虚拟语气、倒装结构、定语从句、名词性从句（特别是主语从句和同位语从句）、时态和语态的结合考察。

一、非谓语动词

需要掌握的非谓语动词的三种形式： To do V-ing 动词不定式 1.表目地 现在分词 1.主动,一般的 Done 过去分词 1.完成,被动的 2.将来”要做” 2.主动,正在进行的 2.主动,完成的 这里面考察的热点又以现在分词作宾语，主动形式表被动意义，省略to的动词不定式，

不定式作宾语，分词作状语（动词不定式）以及几个惯用结构为热点。 非谓语动词作宾语：

后面必须跟V-ing的动词：avoid/enjoy/deny/finish/mind/prefer…to…等 后面必须跟to do的动词：pretend/tend/promise/refuse/fail/manage/hope等

真题范例：

1. I don’t mind_____ out for a walk in such a bad weather. A. to go B. going C. go D. went

2.I don’t understand why he pretended _____ in the garden.

A. to see me not B. not to see me C. not seeing me D. seeing me not

分词作状语的考察：（这类题的特点是句中有逗号和主句隔开，答案都含有非谓语的形式）

解题关键：先找到主句的主语，结合所给答案，判断主语和从句（含有空格的通常是从句）的关系是主动还是被动，

1. _________from space, our earth, with water covering70% of its surface, appears as a “blue planet”.(09.32)

A. Seen B. Seeing C. To be seen D. Having seen

2. ________ more time, the scientists will be able to work out a good solution to the problem.(06.14)

A. Given B. Giving C. To give D. Be given

3. ________finished his work, he had to stay at home at the weekend. A. Having not been B. Being not C. Not having D. Having not

本文所有真题都不再写答案，也请不要问我答案——你能看到这篇文章说明上过我的课，如果上过我的课还解不出来题，你现在马上要做的只有三件事——深深的自我检讨；疯狂的翻动书页；向身边比你牛的同学请教。 习惯用法的考察：

▲It is no good/use doing sth. 例:It is no use crying over spilt milk.后悔没有用. ▲There is no point/use/good (in) doing sth. 干某事没必要/意义/用处 ▲have a difficulty/trouble/problem/good time/hard time +(in) doing sth 二、虚拟语气的考察：

虚拟语气的考察点近几年变化不大，主要集中在对过去的虚拟（结合倒装结构考察） ——虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，

再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。

________, your advice yesterday, I would have missed the train.（04.06） A. Had I not taken B. if I didn't take C. If I haven't taken D. provided I didn't take

另外一个考试热点就是虚拟语气在从句中的考察，即在表示建议,要求,命令等意思的动词(request, require, demand, advise, suggest, propose, recommend, command, order , desire, insist,)后面的从句中, 谓语动词用should+动词原形(should可以省略,that不能省略) Our director suggested that the news ______ at once.

A. announce B. would announce C. be announced D. should announce 另外，还有几个固定的结构，

如It is high/about time that……. / would rather的用法 wish的用法 / lest/for fear that引导的结构

以及must have done/can’t have done/ should have done/ shouldn’t have done/need have done等

1.It's high time ________ about the traffic problem.（08.08） A. something was done B. something is done C. anything will be done D. nothing to be done

2. I would rather you ________ to the party with her.（06.29） A. go B. went C. will go D. has gone

3. I gave her my telephone number lest she_________her way to my home. A. had forgotten B. forgot C. should forget D. would have forgotten （请务必参考上课所记笔记，把这一部分知识点结合精讲过的例题弄透！） 三、定语从句的考察：

这几年似乎有一个必考的焦点，就是对非限定性定语从句的反复考察，尤其是其中which/as来代指前面整个句子的用法。除此之外还有关系代词that使用在特殊先行词all/the only等词之后的考察; 介词+关系代词的考察。（还是要结合笔记针对这几块好好复习啊）

1. She has fallen in love with Jack, ________ I find hard to imagine.（09.28） A. who B. that C. whom D. which

2. The sun heats the earth, ________ makes it possible for plants to grow. （06.31） A. that B. where C. which D. what

3. All ________ is a continuous supply of fuel.（08.37） A. what is needed B. the thing needed C. that is needed D. for their needs

4. Is this the house________ Shakespeare was born?（09.09） A. which B. in that C. in which D. at which 四、主语从句：

主语从句考察的关键点就在几个特殊词在句首引导的主语从句，集中在who/whoever/whatever/whether等词引导的主语从句。

1. ________ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.（09.10） A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who

2. ________ his dream of going to college will come true is uncertain.（08.04）A. That B. Whether C. If D. Even if

3. ________ you ought to do is to see a doctor.（07.35） A. How B. What C. Which D. That 五、倒装结构

最近几年考察最多的就是部分倒装，部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前，构成的正确结构应是：

——助动词/情态动词/be动词 + 主语 + 实义动词 no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, at no time, in no way, in no case, by no means, on no account, no longer, not until…

1. Not until ten o'clock ________ it was too late to return.(03.04)

A. they realized B. they did realize C. did they realize D. realized they 2. Seldom ________ in such a rude way.(07.31) A. we have been treated B. have we been treated C. we have treated D. have we treated 3. Little ______ that the police are about to arrest him.

A. does he know B. he doesn't know C. he knows D. he didn't know 除此之外，only置于句首的倒装；让步状语从句的倒装也在考察的范围： 1. Only when we came back home, ________ hat my watch was missing.（06.13）A. did I find B. I found C. I had found D. Had 1 found

2. _________, water resources have been severely wasted or polluted.（09.31） A. They are scarce B. Scarce they are C. Scarce as they are D. As scarce they are

3. Great ________ the difficulties are, we must do our best to succeed.（06.25） A. while B. as C. although D. however 六、时态和语态的考察

时态除了在09年没有选择题专门考察，以前每年都有专门的考察，在备考中不能忽视，但考察的重点，集中在完成时态：

1. I have been to the West Lake three times ________ 1970. A. since B. until C. from D. after

2. John and I ________ friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we ________ each other a couple of times before that. A. had been; have seen B. have been; have seenC. had been; had seen D. have been; had seen

3. By the time you arrive in London, we _____in Europe for two weeks. A shall stay B have stayed C will have stayed Dhave been staying 4. 1. The students _________ their classroom when the visitors arrived.

A . have cleaned B. had cleaned C. was cleaned D. have been cleaned

5. Some of the apples were rotten before reaching the market and ________ away.A. could be thrown B. had to be thrown C. could throw D. had to throw

第五题答案：B 苹果作主语，只能用被动，从含有被动结构的AB里选择，由该句句意判断是苹果在上市前腐烂，因此选择“不得不”的选项。 be absent from...缺席，不在 be absorbed in全神贯注于…… 近： be lost in； be concentrated on； be focused on

take...into account(＝consideration)把……考虑进去 ahead of time提前 confess to a crime承认罪行 have confidence in对……有信心 be confident of有信心 confidential机密的

take...into consideration(=take...into account)考虑到，把……考虑进去 considerate(＝thoughtful of the needs)体贴的，考虑他人需要的， considerable相当大的，值得考虑的 contrast...with... 把……与……相对(对照) in contrast to/with和……形成对比 by contrast对比之下

take sth. under control(被)控制住 out of control无法控制 be convenient to/for对……方便

cope with(＝deal with，try to find a solution to)应付，处理 at all costs不惜任何代价 at the cost of以……为代价

emerge from(＝appear，become known)出现，暴露(问题，意见等) end up with以……而结束

engage in或be engaged in忙于，从事

be equipped with装备有，装有 except(＝but)除了

except for(＝apart from)除……以外 be good for对……有好处；对……有作用 be good at擅长于； be good to对……好

take...for granted(＝assume to be true)把……认为理所当然的 be in the habit of习惯于

get (fall) into the habit of养成了……的习惯 live from hand to mouth勉强度日，现挣现吃 at heart(＝in reality)内心里，实际上 in one's heart(of hearts)内心深处，事实上 by heart(＝by memory)熟记，背(诵) with all one's heart全心全意地，真心实意

be ignorant of(＝lacking knowledge)对……不了解，不知道 make (leave)an impression on sb. ＝give sb.an impression给……留下印象 make the most (use)of充分利用 gift talent

by nature天生的，生来 in nature本质上 natural name after用……的名字命名

none other than不是别人，正是…… nothing but只有，不过……而已 it occurs to sb.that...某人想到…… all at once(＝suddenly，now)立即，马上 once in a while(＝occasionally)偶尔 in order井井有条，处于良好状态；

out of order(＝in bad condition)出毛病，发生故障 participate in(＝take part in)参加 be patient with对……耐心

perform on the piano(＝play the piano)演奏钢琴 persist in坚持，固执 in person亲自，当面 come to the point谈主要问题

there is no point in doing sth.没必要做某事 point at(＝indicate，direct attention)指着 point out(＝indicate，show)指出，指明 popular with/among大众所喜爱的，拥戴 resort to诉诸于……，求助于…… resort to force诉诸于武力

respond to对……反应，响应，对(药)有效 in response to(＝as an answer to)回答，反应 be responsible for对……负责，是造成……原因 result in(＝cause)导致

with the result that其结果是 in return(for)作为报答；以报答(for) get rid of摆脱，去掉，除去 be in the right正确的； in the wrong错误的

give rise to(＝lead to)引起，导致

at the risk of(＝with danger of)冒……的风险

for the sake of(＝for the good or advantage of)为了……起见 be satisfied with满意 on a large scale大规模地 on schedule 按时，准时

ahead of schedule提前；in advance预先； behind schedule落后于计划进度，晚于规定时间 in search of寻找；

in honor of为了表示对……敬意； in memory of为了纪念……； in pursuit of追求……； on behalf of代表……的利益； in favor of赞成……； in season 旺季

in secret秘密地； in private私下

share sth.with与……分享，分担，分摊，共用 be sorry about/for懊悔的，后悔的，难过的 specialize in专门研究，专攻

in spite of(＝despite)尽管 stick to粘着，坚持

stick to one's friend忠于朋友

stick at(＝continue to work hard at)继续勤奋地致力于……； stick at one's books勤奋读书 be strict with对……严格要求 be/go on strike罢工

suffer from患……病；受……苦痛

be suitable for(＝fit)适合……的 be surprised at对……惊奇； take...by surprise使……惊奇； to one's surprise使某人惊奇 in good taste大方，得体；(反意) in bad taste小家子气 in terms of(＝with regard to；respectively)按照，根据，在……方面 think of(＝have the idea of)想到；(＝consider)考虑；(＝remember)想起 on second thoughts经再三考虑之后 at the thought of一想到…… for the time being(＝temporarily)暂时 in time (for)及时 on time准时 at no time无论何时也不…… in on time(＝very quickly)立即，马上 at times(＝occasionally)间或，时常 at all times(＝always)始终，总是 be in use (＝be used)被使用；

be out of use(＝be on longer used)不再被使用

be used to＋V-ing 习惯于 used to＋动词原形(过去常常做) in vain(＝uselessly)徒劳

be in the way(＝obstructive)碍事，阻碍 by way of(＝by going through)经由，取道 by the way(＝in addition)顺带地(转移话题) in no way无论怎样也不…… in a way从某种程度上说

against one's will违心地，违背意愿地 in a word总之； in other words换言之； have a word with sb.谈一谈； have words with sb.争吵； hav the last word有决定权 一 时态

1.时间状语从句，条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时

When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately

典型例题

(1）He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment. A. had not given; had not succeeded B. would not give; succeed C. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed.

答案B. 在时间，条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said，故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选B. 此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。 2.表示 \"意图\"、\"打算\"、\"安排\"、常用于人。 常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。 I'm leaving tomorrow.

Are you staying here till next week? 二 非谓语动词

1.感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel等 + do表示动作的完整性，真实性；

+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性

2. 主格结构的特点：

1）主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它存在。

2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例：

The test finished, we began our holiday.

= When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。

Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。

He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆

该结构否定式: 在非谓语动词前加直接Not (考的这可是内部教材上的原题!) 2009年专升本考试原题

20. ________finished his work, he had to stay at home at the weekend. A. Having not been B. Being not C. Not having D. Having not

三 虚拟语气

1.It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。

It is time that the children went to bed.

It is high time that the children should go to bed.

2.虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。

Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.

Had you come earlier, you would have met him =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.

3.a. 同现在事实相反的假设。

句型 ： 条件从句 主句

一般过去时 should( would) +动词原形

If they were here, they would help you.

b.表示于过去事实相反的假设。(在中,该结构常把had提前构成倒装) 句型： 条件从句 主句

过去完成时 should(would) have+ 过去分词 If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.

2009年专升本原题:30. ____________, everything would have been all right. A. He had been there B. Been here he had C. Here he had been D. Had he been here c.表示对将来的假想

句型： 条件从句 主句

一般过去时 should+ 动词原形 were+ 不定式 would + 动词原形 should+ 动词原形

If you succeeded, everything would be all right. If you should succeed, everything would be all right. If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

考点:虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用

在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。

order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) do 例:I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 2009年原题:

6. The teacher insisted that we________ our homework before 9:00 o’clock A. finished B. had finished C. finish D. was finishing

四 倍数的表达

a. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size (amount，length…) of…

The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。

（考察频率最高的结构——考试中出现该题型的话，特别注意：红色部分单词变化较多） b.主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as

I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。 c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than…

The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。

五 强调结构

常考的强调句结构是it 引导的句子。

It is (was) 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。

典型例题

1） It was last night ___ I see the comet.

A. the time B. when C. that D. which

答案C. 强调句的结构是： It +be +强调部分 + that (who) + 主谓句。 强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 \"who\"，其余用that。

2）It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada. A. that B. when C. since D. as

答案C. 考点是连词用法。 本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是，去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that'，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。 2009年专升本原题:

15. It was at the music hall________we met each other for the first time. A. when B. where C. which D. that

（待续……） （接着往下看喽）

1.介词+关系词（常用which,whom,whose）

1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2）that前不能有介词。

3）判断该类题型时特别注意：所选介词一定要和从句中出现的动词（考的最多）或形容词搭配成短语

This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago.

2.as, which 非限定性定语从句

由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

3.As 的用法

例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has). He is not the same man as he used to be. 例2. as可引导非性从句，常带有'正如'。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.

4.特殊句式（考题中常给出迷惑性的选项anyone或who，除非它们一起出现，否则一定是用Whoever） Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)

5.时间状语从句中的when while as

1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。

Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. 2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。 When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 3）从句表示\"随时间推移\"连词能用as，不用when 或while。 As the day went on, the weather got worse. 日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。

6.主谓一致（你一定要拿到的一分）

a.当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。

The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. He as well as I wants to go boating.

b.当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。

There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..

There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.

c.当either… or… 与neither… nor， 连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。

Either you or she is to go.

Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

d.在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。 Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。

More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。

7.倒装结构（历年最常考的部分倒装）

部分倒装是指：将谓语的一部分，如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。

（注意：正确选项中的选项通常是: 情态动词/助动词/be动词（倒装部分）+主语+实义动词）

（特别注意:考试时除了注意倒装结构的形式正确外，还要注意时态！！！） 常考的倒装情况：

a.句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。

Never have I seen such a performance.

Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.

Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。

b. 否定词开头的部分倒装

Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than

Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. c.only 在句首要到装

Only in this way, can you learn English well.

Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. d. so neither nor 引导的部分倒装

表示\"也\"、\"也不\" 的句子要部分倒装。 Tom can speak French. So can Jack. If you won't go, neither will I. 8.特殊词的用法:

worth，worthy，worthwhile都为adj. 意为\"值得\"。

1. worth： be worth + n. 当名词为金钱时，表示\"…… 值得……\" be worth doing sth. \"……某事值得被做\"

The question is not worth discussing again and again.

2. worthy：be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示\"……值得……\" be worthy to be done \"某事值得被做\"

The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.

3. worthwhile： be worthwhile to do sth \"值得做某事\" worth while： It is worth while doing sth It is worth while sb to do sth. 9.热门考点:

1.主动表被动:在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。 例: This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。 2009年专升本考试原题: 8. The garden requires________. A. watering B. being watered C. to water D. having watered 2.几个必背句型:

It’s no use crying over spilt milk.

It is no good learning without practice It is worthwhile taking this into consideration. 2009年专升本原题:

17. It is no use________me not to worry about his injury. A. for you to tell B. your telling C. you tell D. having told

3.have something done 已经重复N多遍啦! 内部教材里的题还有印象吧?

My sister's professor asked her to have these letters mailed. 2009年专升本原题:

29. Are you going downtown this afternoon? I am going to have these letters ________. A. mailed B. mail C. to mail D. mailing

完形填空解题注意：

1.通读全文，了解文章大意，充分发挥想象力，构思出文章内容的轮廓。

2.做题时学会“放弃”。完形填空题是在一个语篇中进行考查的。做题时，不大可能一气呵成。能做的，先做。不能做的，暂时放弃。待处理完全文，甚至在处理过程中，往往会有柳暗花明之时。

3.要有全局观。做完形填空题不能孤立地一个空一个空地处理，而应该上串下联。做完形填空题往往会出现单独来看，选某个选项是对的，但结合语篇来理解，却是错的。所以，要有全局观。

4.有耐心，不急躁。要一个空一个空地看、做，能做的先做，不能着急，以免出现过失失分。做完全题后，考生还应有个回首的过程，结合自己的选项，把全文再通读一篇，检查是否还有不妥当之处，以便加以纠正、改进。

专升本英语名词词组和固定搭配

专升本英语名词词组和固定搭配

动词搭配

1. add to增加，增进 add … to把…加进… add up相加

add up to总计，所有这一切说明

2. break away from打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉 break down出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开 中止

break off暂停，中断

break in强行进入，插话 break into闯入

break into pieces成为碎片 break out爆发

break up捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散 break through突破

3. bring up抚养，呕吐，提出

bring about造成

bring out拿出，出版

bring in引入，引进，挣钱 bring back使回想起

bring down使下降，使倒下

4. call on号召，拜访（某人） call at拜访、参观（某地） call for去叫某人, 要求, 需要 call up使回忆起, 征召入伍 call in召集，请某人来 call out大喊，高叫 call off取消，不举行

5. come about发生，出现

come down下跌，落，降，传下来 come in进来

come into

(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect) come on来临/ 快点 come out出版，结果是 come along一道来，赶快

come to达到 (an end/an agreement/a stop) 苏醒，合计，总共是 come over走过来 come up发芽，走近 come across偶然碰到 come back回想起

come from来自，源自

6. cut across抄近路 cut down砍倒，削减

cut off切断，割掉，断绝关系 cut up连根拔除，切碎 through剪断，凿穿

cut out删（省）掉，戒掉 cut in插嘴

7. die of (disease/hunger/grief/old age)死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因）

die from死于（意外事故、情形） die away渐渐消逝 die out绝种

die down(炉火)渐熄 die off逐一死去

8. fall behind落后

fall over one's feet 跌跤 fall down掉下，跌倒 fall back撤退，后退

9. go in for从事，喜爱，参加 go through通过，经受 go over复习，检查

go up（价格）上涨，建造起来 go after追捕，追赶 go against违反

go ahead先行，开始吧，问吧，说吧 go away离开 go by时间过去

go down下沉，降低，（日、月）西沉 go on(with)继续进行 go with相配，陪同 go without没有，缺少 go out外出，熄灭 go all out全力以赴

go off爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应 go back on背约，食言 go beyond超出 10、get down下来，记下，使沮丧 get down to致力于，专心于 get on进展，进步，穿上，上车 get off脱下,下车

get in收集，插（话）

get away逃跑，逃脱，去休假

get over忘记，越过，克服，从疾病中恢复 get along with进展，相处 get up起床

get through打通电话，完成，通过 get round消息传开

get close to sth. 接近，几乎 get into (trouble) get to (know)

get back取回，收回 get out

11. give away赠送，泄露，出卖 give out发出，疲劳，分发，公布 give off发出（光、热、气体） give in (to sb.) 屈服

give up放弃，让（座位）

12. hand in交上，提交 hand out分发

hand down流传，遗传

13. hang about闲逛 hang up挂电话

14. hold back阻止，隐瞒 hold up举起，使停顿

hold on别挂电话，等，坚持 hold out持续，坚持，伸出 hold down控制，

15. keep up (courage, English, spirits)保持， keep up with跟上

keep off (grass)不接近，离开

keep away from避开，不接近，离…远远的 keep out of

keep to (rules, promise)坚持，遵守 keep on继续，坚持下来

keep back阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下 keep from克制，阻止

16. knock at/on敲

knock into撞到某人身上 knock down撞倒

knock out of把…敲出 knock over撞倒

knock off停止工作，休息

17. leave for离开前往 leave out删去，遗漏

leave behind遗留,忘记拿走 leave to留给，遗嘱赠于 leave over遗留，剩下，延期

18. look up查找，向上看 look through翻阅，浏览 look on旁观 look on…as看作 look into调查

look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找 look out(for)当心

look about / around/round四下查看 look down upon瞧不起 look back upon回忆，回顾

look ab. up and down仔细打量某人 look ab in the face/eyes直视某人

19. make up编造，配制，打扮，组成 make up for弥补

make into / of / from 制成 make out弄懂，发现，看出,填写，开列（清单） make for走向，驶往，促使

20. pass away去世 pass by经过

pass down(on)…to传给 pass through经历 pass over漠视，忽视

21. pay back还钱，报复

pay for付钱，为…受到惩罚，因…得到报应 pay off还清

22. pick up拾起，获得(information)，接人，站起，收听，自然习得(language

/knowledge)，恢复重获(pick up health) pick out挑选，辨认，看出

23. put up搭起，张贴，举起，安装，投宿，安排住下

put up with忍受 put out伸出，扑灭 put off推迟

put into放进，翻译 put away放好，存钱 put down记下，平息

put on穿戴，上映，增加(put on weight/speed) put forward 提出，提前 put through 接通电话 put aside放到一边 put back放回

24. pull down拆掉，推翻 pull on匆匆穿上 / off 脱 pull in进站 pull out取出,(火车)离站 pull down往下拉,拆毁 pull over驶到一边

pull through恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险pull up（使）停住

25. push over推倒，刮倒

push ahead(on, forward)继续前进，坚持下去 push through排除困难办好谋事，努力设法通过，挤过

26. run across偶然碰到 run after追逐，追捕 run away逃跑 run for竞选

run into偶然碰到（困难）遇见（人），相撞 run out of用完

27. see off送行

see through看透，识破 see to照料，照管

28. send for派人去请 send off送行

send out发出（光亮）等 send up发射

29. set up建立

set off出发，触发，引起

set out动身，着手(to do)，陈述 set about开始着手(doing) set to work(n.)开始做 set back拨回，使推迟

30. take off脱掉，起飞 ake on呈现 雇佣

take away拿走 take in吸收，领会

take up从事，占用（时间空间） take down记录，取下 take back收回

take for误认为 take along随身带 take over接管 take out 取出 扣除 带出去 take charge of负责,

take sth. for granted想当然 take hold of抓住,

take pride in以… ……为自豪, take the place of, 代替 take turns to do轮流做, take office就职

31. think of想起 think of…as把…看作 think out想出 think up想出

think about考虑 think over仔细考虑

think well of sb. 对某人看法好

32. turn off / on打开

turn over翻身，反复考虑，翻（书页），翻转 turn out证明为，结果，制造成品 turn to转向，求助 turn down调低，拒绝

turn against变得敌视，反对

turn away打发走，驱逐，转过脸去 turn back返回，转回去 turn round转过身来

turn up向上翻，露面，出现，音量调大 turn in上缴

turn upside down把倒置，弄得乱七八糟

account for 说明

apart from 除....之外 aside from as for\o 至于 关于 as long as 只要

at best 充其量，至多 as once 立刻 同时

at the cost/expense of 以...为代价 at the sight of 一看见....就

名词词组和固定搭配 1、介词 名词

by accident 偶然 on account of 因为，由于 in addition 另外

in addition to 除......之外 in the air 在流行中，在传播中 on (the/an) average 平均，一般来说 on the basis of 根据，在......的基础上 at (the) best 充其量，至多 for the better 好转，改善 on board 在船（车、飞机）上 out of breath 喘不过气来 on business 因公，因事 in any case 无论如何，总之 in case of 假使，万一 in case 假使，以防（万一）免得 in no case 决不 by chance 偶然，碰巧 in charge (of) 负责，主管

(a) round the clock 昼夜不集地 in common 共用，共有，共同 in conclusion 最后，总之 on cond0ition that 在......条件下 in confidence 信任 in connection with/to 关于

in consequence 因此，结果 in consequence of 由于......的缘故 on the contrary 反之，正相反 in contrast with/to 与......成对照 out of control 失去控制 under control 被控制住

at all costs 不惜任何代价 at the cost of 以......为代价 in the course of 在...过程中，在...期间 of course 当然，自然 in danger 在危险中，垂危 out of danger 脱离危险 out of date 过期（时）的 up to date 时新的 in debt 欠债 in detail 详细地 in difficulties 处境困难 in the distance 在远处 off duty 下班 on duty 值班，上班 on earth 究竟，到底

at all events 无论如何 in any event 有效；实际上 in the event of 万一，如果发生 for example 例如 with the exception of ......之外 in the face of 面对，不顾，即使 in fact 其实，实际上 on fire 烧着 on foot 步行

in force 有效；实施中 in favo(u)r of 有利于，赞成，支持 in front of 在......面前 in (the) future 今后，将来 on guard 警惕，防范 in general 通常，大体上 in half 成两半 in half 成两半 at hand 在手边，在附近

from tip to toe 彻着彻尾，完全 by hand 用手 hand down to 往下传，传给（后代）

hand in hand 手拉手，携手 in hand 在掌握中，在控制中 on hand 在手边，临近

on (the) one hand ... 一方面......， on the other hand ... 另一方面......， at heart 在内心；实质上 by heart 牢记，凭记忆 at home 在家，在国内；自在，自如 in honour of 以纪念，向......表示敬意 on one’s honour 以名誉担保 in a hurry 匆忙地，立即 for instance 例如，举例说 at intervals 不时，时时 at last 最终，终于 at least 至少，最低限度

in the least 一点，丝毫 at length 终于，最后；详细地 in the light of 按照，根据 in line 成一直线，排成一行 in line with 与......一致，按照 at a loss 困惑，不知所措 as a matter of fact 其实，事实上 by all means 无论如何，必定 by means of 借助于，用 by no means 决不 in memory of 纪念 at the mercy of 在......支配下 by mistake 错误地 at the moment 现在，此刻 for a moment 片刻，一会儿 for the moment 现在，暂时 in a moment 立刻，马上 in nature 本质上 on occasion 有时，不时 in order 秩序井然，整齐 in order to 以便，为了 in order that 以便 out of order 发生故障，失调 on one’s own 独自地，地 in particular 特别地，尤其，详细地 in the past 在过去，以往 in person 亲自 in place 在适当的位置 in place of 代替 in the first place 起初，首先

in the last place 最后 out of place 不得其所的，不适当的 on the point 即将......的时候 to the point 切中要害，切题 in practice 在实际中，实际上 out of practice 久不练习，荒疏 at present 目前，现在 for the present 目前，暂时 in proportion to （与......）成比例的 in public 公开地，当众 for (the) purpose of 为了 on purpose 故意，有意 with the purpose of 为了 in question 正在考虑 at random 随意地，任意地 at any rate 无论如何，至少 by reason of 由于 as regards 关于，至于

with/in regard to 对于，就......而论 in/with relation to 关系到 with respect to 关于 as a result 结果，因此 as a result of 由于......结果 in return 作为报答，作为回报

on the road 在旅途中 as a rule 规章，规则；通常，照例 in the long run 最终，从长远观点看 for the sake of 为了......起见 on sale 出售；贱卖 on a large scale 大规模地 on a small scale 小规模地 in secret 秘密地，私下地 in sense 从某种意义上说

in shape 处于良好状态 on the side 作为兼职，额外 at first sight 乍一看，初看起来

in sight 被看到，在望 out of sight 看不见，在视野之外 in spite of 不管，不顾；尽管，虽然 on the spot 当场，在现场 in step 同步，合拍 out of step 步调不一致，不协调 in stock 现有，备有 in sum 总而言之 in tears 流着泪，含泪，哭

in terms of 依据，按照；用...措词 for one thing 首先，一则 on the second thoughts 经重新考虑，一转念 at a time 每次，一次 at no time 从不，决不 at one time 同时，曾经，从前曾 at the same time 但是，然而 at times 有时 for the time being 目前，暂时 from time to time 有时，不时 in no time 立即，马上 in time 及时，适时地 on time 准时 on top of 在......之上 out of touch 失去联系 in truth 事实上，实际上，的确 on try 试穿 on try 试穿 by turns 轮流，交替 in turn 依次，轮流 in vain 徒劳，无效

a variety of 种种，各种 by virtue of 由于 by the way 顺便提一下， 另外 by way of 经由， 通过......方式 in a way 在某点， 在某种程度上 in no way 决不 in the way of 妨碍 in one’s/the way 妨碍， 阻碍 after a while 过了一会，不久 for a while 暂时，一时 on the whole 总的来说 in a word 一句话 in other words 另...... at work 上班 out of work 失业，下岗 2、动词 名词

have/gain access to 可以获得 take...... into account 考虑 have/gain an advantage over 胜过，优于 pave the way for 为......铺平道路 take advantage of 利用，趁......之机 pay attention to 注意 do/try one’s best 尽力，努力 get the best of 胜过 make the best of 充分利用，妥善处理 get the better of 打败，智胜 catch one’s breath 屏息，歇口气 take care 小心，当心 take care of 照顾，照料 take a chance 冒险一试 take charge of 担任，负责

keep company with 与......交往，与......联系 take delight in 以......为乐 with delight 欣然，乐意地

make a /the difference 有影响，很重要 carry/bring into effect 使生效，使起作用 put into effect 实行，生效 come/go into effect 生效，实施 take effect 生效，起作用 catch one’s eye 引人注目 keep an eye on 留意，照看 make a face 做鬼脸 find fault 埋怨，挑剔

catch fire 着火 come/go into force 生效，实施 make friends 交朋友，友好相处

be friends with 对......友好，与......交上朋友 make fun of 取笑，嘲弄 keep one’s head 保持镇静 lose one’s head 不知所措 lose heart 丧失勇气，失去信心 get/learn by heart 记住，背诵 get hold of 抓住，掌握 keep house 管理家务，做家务 throw/cast light on 使明白，阐明 bear/keep in mind 记住 have in mind 记住，考虑到，想到 make up one’s mind 下决心 come/go into operation 使投入生产，使运转 put in order 整理，检修

keep/hold pace with 跟上，与......同步 play a part 起作用 take place 发生，进行

take the place of 代替 come to the point 说到要点，扼要地说 bring/carry into practice 实施，实行 make progress 进步，进展 give rise to 引起，使发生 make sense 讲得通，有意义

catch the sight of 发现，突然看见 (go) on the stage 当演员 take one’s time 不急不忙,从容进行 keep in touch 保持联系 keep track 通晓事态，注意动向 lose track 失去联系 make use of 利用 put to use 使用，利用 give way 让路，让步

lead the way 带路，引路 make one’s way 前进，进行 make way 让路，开路 keep one’s word 遵守诺言 action on 作用 appeal to 呼吁，要求

attempt at 企图，努力 attitude to / towards 态度，看法 a great/ good deal of 大量（的），许多（的） influence on 影响 interference in 干涉 interference with 妨碍，打扰 introduction to 介绍 a lot (of) 许多（的），大量（的） lots of 大量，很多

fall in love with 相爱，爱上 a matter of （关于......）的问题 a number of 若干，许多 reply to 回答，答复 a series of 一系列，一连串

3、名词词组的其他形式 trolley bus 电车 I.D. card 身份证 credit card 信用卡 no doubt 无疑，必定 next door 隔壁 out of doors 在户外

face to face 面对面地 as matter of fact 实际情况， a few 有些，几个

quite a few 还不少，有相当数目的 a little 一点，稍，一些，少许 little by little 逐渐的 quite a little 相当多，不少 no matter 无论 the moment (that) 一......就 no more 不再 fair play 公平竞赛，公平对待 in demand 有需要，销路好 rest room 厕所，盥洗室 primary school 小学 side by side 肩并肩，一个挨一个 heart and soul 全心全意 step by step 逐步 ahead of time 提前

all the time 一直，始终 once upon a time 从前 once in a while 偶尔，有时

no wonder 难怪，怪不得word for word 逐字地 decline with thanks 婉言谢绝 in advance 事先；提前 on purpose 故意 adjust to (使)适应于，把...调节到 apply for 申请，请求 assign to 指派，选派 attempt at 企图，努力 attribute to 把...归因于，归咎于 belong to属于 benefit from 受益，获益

burst out + V-ing 爆发，突然发作

catch up with 赶上 combine with 结合，联合，化合 concentrate on 集中，专心 cope with 对付，应付 count on 倚靠，指望 deal with 处理，论述，涉及 dedicate to 奉献，把...用在 depend on/upon 依靠，信赖，取决于 differ from 不同 engage in 使从事于，使忙于

equip with 装备，配备 exchange for 交换，调换，兑换 figure out 计算出；领会到 find out 查明，发现

focus on (使)聚焦，(使)集中 hear of/about 听到 hear from 收到...的(来信) can/could not help +V-ing 禁不住，忍不住

hinder from 阻止，妨碍 involve in 卷入，陷入；牵涉，包含 leave behind 留下，忘记带 major in 主修，专攻

object to 反对，不赞成 persist in 坚持不懈，执意；持续 plunge into 纵身投入，跳入；猛冲； point out 指出 remind sb. of sth. 使想起 remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事

resort to 求助；诉诸于，采取，凭借 respond to 响应，回答 result in 导致，结果是select from 挑选，选择 separate from (使)分离；(使)分开 settle down 定居；解决，调停

share with 分与，分派，分配，分享，共用specialize in 擅长于，专门研究，专攻 suffer from 忍受，遭受；使痛苦，患病；

switch off 切断，(用开关)关掉switch on 接通，(用开关)开起 affect v.影响，传染，感动effort n.努力

effect n.结果，影响effective adj.有效的；卓有成效 apply v.申请

application n.申请书 applicant n.申请人

aware adj.意识到的，知道的 unaware adj.没有意识到的（反义词） appreciate v.欣赏，感谢，正确评价 appreciation n.欣赏，感谢 benefit n.益处，好处 v.有益于，受益 campus n.（大学）校园 candidate n.候选人，报考者，申请者

capable adj.有能力的，能干的 career n.职业，生涯，经历

case n.案例，情况，事实，病例 challenge n.挑战，艰巨任务 v.挑战，要求试 common adj.共同的

character n.性格 chase v./n.追逐，追求，寻觅

contract v.收缩，缩小 n.合同，契约 cheat v./n.欺骗，作弊，骗子，欺骗行为 check v./n.检查，核对 n.支票 circumstance n.情况，形势，境遇 complain v.抱怨，申诉 complaint n.抱怨，申诉，疾病 compete v.竞争，比赛

competition n.比赛，竞争 competitive adj.竞争激烈的；充满竞争的 convenient adj.方便的，舒适的

convenience n.便利，方便，公共厕所 create v.创造，产生

credit n.信贷，信任 v.信任 crisis n.危机，决定性时刻，转折点（pl.crises） critical adj.决定性的，批判的，危急的

criticize/-ise v.批评，评论，指责 cultivate v.栽培，培养，耕作 culture n.文化，教养curiosity n.好奇心 custom n.习惯，风俗 customer n.顾客 direction n.方向，方位

disappear v.不见，消失 disaster n.灾难，大祸 discourage v.使气馁，阻碍

emotion n.情感，激情，情绪 emphasis v./n.强调，重点 encourage v.鼓励，激励

enforce v.实施，生效，强迫，执行，加强 enlarge v.扩大，扩展，详述 ensure v.保证，担保，确定 enable v.是能够，使有能力

enrich v.使丰富 语法

一、句子成分 1.主语：sb. or sth.

2.谓语：说明主语的动作，状态，特征（v. or v.词组）

3.宾语：动词行为的对象，及物v后，有n. pron.. 数词. 动不定式

4.表语：系动词be后，说明主语身份，特征，属性及状态（n. pron adj adv 不定式 .prep词组） 5.补语：说明主语和宾语的特征（adj n pron 数词 不定式 分词）

6.定语：修饰n和pron, ⑴adj pron 数词 n 作定语：放在被修饰的词前面

⑵adv ,v不定式 prep词组作定语：放在被修饰的词后面 7.状语：修饰v adj adv 全句句子成分（adv ,prep词组,不定式,从句） 二、时态 1.一般现在时：S+v现在式 (1)肯定句：S+v原形/v第三人称单数（eg.read-reads go-goes study-studies） (2)否定句：S+don’t/doesn’t+v原形+… (3)疑问句：Do/Does+S+v原形+…

(4)客观真理，谚语通常用一般现在时，但也可根据具体语境 2.一般过去时：S+v过去式 3.现在进行时：S+is/am/are+doing

(1) 标志词：at present, an this moment ,right now ,these days ,at once…

(2)并不是所有动词都有进行时，一些动词一般在句中不能用现在进行时态，而应用一般现在时。这些动词往往是等表示情感状态、知觉认识、愿望或短暂性的动词。例如：see（明白）,know, want, like, hear, have(有), think, hope, hate, agree, believe, belong(属于)等。 4.过去进行时：S+was/were+doing

(1) 标志词：at that time ,at that moment ,at ten last night ,this afternoon… 5.现在完成时：S+have/has+过分词 (1) 标志词：already ,yet ,after ,before ,during ,since+时间点或从句 ,just ,up to now ,in the past ,never ,so far,recently ,long ago ,for+时间段… (2)区别：到某地

①have(has) been to 曾经去过（说话时此人在那里或可能不在那里，已经回来了，强调经历） ②have(has) gone to 已经去了（说话时此人在那里或可能在路上，反正不在这里） ③have(has) been in 过去曾去过，现已回来，表示经验或经历

(3)since引导的时间状语从句中谓语动词通常用一般过去式，主句用现在完成时 6.过去完成时：S+had+过分词 (1)肯定句：S+had+v过分 (2)否定句：S+had+not+v过分 (3)疑问句：Had+S+ v过分

(4)标志词：by the end ,until ,no sooner…than ,before ,ago… 7.现在完成进行时：S+have/has been +现分词 (1)标志词：all the time ,all day ,this month ,recently… 8.过去完成进行时：S+had been +现分词 9.一般将来时：S+shall/will+v原形

10.过去将来时：S+should/would+v原形 (1)其他将来时的表达：be going to+v原形 be to+v原形

be about to+v原形

11.将来进行时：S+shall/will be +现分词 （this time next year ,in two years） 12.过去将来进行时：S+should/would be +现分词 13.将来完成时：S+will have +过分词 14. 过去将来完成时：S+should/would have+过分词 15.将来完成进行时：S+shall/will have been +现分词 三、被动语态 (1)一般现在时：be +过分词

一般过去时：was/were+过分词 现在进行时：be being +过分词

过去进行时：was/were being +过分词 一般将来时：will be +过分词 过去将来时：would be +过分词 现在完成时：have/has been +过分词 过去完成时：had been +过分词

将来完成时：will have been +过分词

过去将来完成时：would have been +过分词 (2)习惯上的被动句型：. it is believed that…人们相信 it is decided that…大家决定 it is hoped that…希望

it is remembered that…记住 it is reported that…据报道

it is said that…=it is said to…据说 it is suggested that…有人建议 it is thought that…人们认为 it is known that…众所周知 it is done.完成了

(3)本身含被动意思：blame ，clean ，Cook ，cut ，remain，sell， wash… 四、虚拟语气 (1)虚拟条件的几种情况

①与现在事实相反（日常或正在发生的）：If+S+v过去式/were S+should/woul/could/might+v原形 从句用过去式，主句用v原形 ②与过去事实相反（已发生）：If+S+had+过分词 S+should/woul/could/might+have+过分词 ③对将来事实相反（假设）：If+S+v过去式/should/were to S+should/woul/could/might+v原形 ④If省略：含情态v，助v，be或have，可省，但情态v，助v，be或have必须前置 (2)从句虚拟（表命令，建议，愿望）

①主语从句：It is/was+adj+that+S+(should)+v原形+… (it是形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语) ②宾语从句：S+某些v+that+从句主语+（should）+v原形+… ③表语从句：S+is that+从句主语+（should）do+…

④定语从句：It is time that + 从句主语 +v过去式 或 should to+… ⑤状语从句：as if/though+从句主语+v过去式+…,表好像 从句lest+从句主语+should to+…,表唯恐 ⑥在wish后作宾语的从句，表愿望、遗憾 Be不为人称均为 were 五、动词不定式 (1)时态：一般时： to do

进行时： to be doing 完成时： to have done

被动语态： to be done 否定式： not to do

(2)作adj的宾语，表情感：adj + to do

比如：afraid，angry，anxious，careful，clever，content，determined，eager，foolish，free，glad，happy，interesting，likely，lucky，prepared，quick，ready，slow，sorry，sure，surprised，willing，wrong… (3)作v的宾语：v + to do 比如：afford，aim，agree，appear，arranger，ask，bother，care，choose，come, dare, decide, demand, determine, desire, elect, expect, fail, happen, help, hesitate, hope, learn, mean, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse,seem, wait, wish… (4)v不定式短语

①疑问词+to do （how, what, when, where, which, who, why） ②for + n/pron +v不定式

③of +n/pron +v不定式：of前大多adj，通常用It is/was…句型

④作单独成分的：so to speak 可以说 strange to say 说来奇怪 to be brief 简言之 to be exact 确切地说 to be fair 公平地说 to be frank 坦言之 to be sure 无疑 to begin with 首先 to conclude 总之 to make a long story short 长话短说 to tell the truth 实话说 六、动名词 (1)时态：一般时： doing 被动语态：being done

完成时： having done having been done 否定式： not doing

(2)作v宾语：①有些v后只能接n，不能接v不定式，如：avoid，can’t help，finish，enjoy，consider，deey，delay，excuse，fancy，include，keep，mind，resist，risk，postpone，practise，require，suggest…

②有些v后可接n，也可接v不定式，如：begin，can’t bear，can’t afford，continue，deserve，dislike，forget，hate，like，love，need，neglect，prefer，propose，Start，try… 七、adj.和adv.比较等级 (1)原级比较 两者比较：肯定式：as + 原形 + as as/so +原形+as 同级比较：the same … as，like. (2)比较级

两者比较：比较级 + （than）

可修饰的词：a bit, a great deal, a little, a lot, any, by far, even, far, lots, many, much, still 置于比较级前 (3)最高级

三者或以上：the + 最高级

可修饰的词：almost, by far, far, mostly, much, nearly 置于所修饰最高级定冠词前 very置于定冠词后 (4)其他：①越来越。。。 more and more + 原形 ； 比较级 + and +比较级

②越。。。就越。。。 the + 比较级，the + 比较级

(5)不规则变化 原 形 Good，well bad,badly,ill many,much little far old late 比 较 级 better worse more less farther,further older,elder later,latter 最 高 级 best worst most least farthest,furthest oldest,eldest latest,last 八、代词 (1)名词性物主代词： mine ours yours his/hers/its theirs 形容词性物主代词：my our your his/her/its their (2)一些代词用法

①some：修饰可数n，用于肯定句 some of：修饰不可数n

②no：v.或there be后，修饰不可数n. 和可数n.的单复数；只能作定语，修饰n时，n前不能有定冠词，物主代词或指示代词

no one：单数，作S时，谓语v用单数；指人；回答who引导的问句（nobody） none作S时，若指代可数n的复数，谓语v用复数； 若指代可数n的单数或不可数n，谓语v用单数

通常回答how many,how much以及there be引导的问句 既指人又指物

none of作S时，若后接复数n.或pron.，谓语v既可复数也可单数

若后接物质n.(材料、食品、饮料以及固体、液体和气体的物质或化学元素名称)或抽象n，谓语v用单数；修饰定语，n前可加定冠词，物主代词或指示代词

③each：两者或两者以上；在句中可作S、宾语和定语；后接可数n单数，作S时，谓语v用单数 every：三者或三者以上，但强调的是整体中的个体；只能作定语；可表示“每隔…”，“每…中的”；前可用not部分否定，表示“不是所有的…”；后接可数n单数，作S时，谓语v用单数

all：三者或三者以上，强调整体；在句中可作S、宾语、定语和表语；前可用not部分否定，表示“不是所有的…”；之后的n可有限定词；表示sb作S时，后接可数n复数时，谓语v用复数，但当表示整体或抽象意义时，谓语v用单数

④both of：两者之间；表示两者都；作S时，谓语v用复数

either of：两者之间；表示两者中的一个；作S时，谓语v用单数 neither of：两者之间；表示两者都不；作S时，谓语v用单数或复数 ⑤主谓一致：

either和neither：作S时，谓语v用单数 few of和a few of：作S时，谓语v用复数 little，a little，little of和a little of：后接不可数n，作S时，谓语v用单数 many of：后接n复数，作S时，谓语v用复数 much of：后接不可数n，作S时，谓语v用单数

all of：人称代词前只能用all of，不能用all；作S时，谓语v用复数 each of：后接人称代词必须是复数；作S时，谓语v用单数 ⑥词组：not many不多，只有几个 all day 整天 all night 整夜 all day long 一天到晚 all this 所有这些 all the year round 整年 all the time 一直 ⑦such和so

such后跟n，so后跟adj such such + a(n) + 可数n such + a(n) + adj + 可数n such + n复数 such + adj + n复数 such + 不可数n such + adj + 不可数n so so + adj so + adj +a(n) + n so + adj +n复数 so + adj + 不可数n 九、数词 ①基数词单复数

在表示百、千、万等数时，用单数表示

数百、数千、数万等用复数表示，但后必接of，of后是不可数n的复数，表示不确定的数目 百以内的数字也可以用复数表示，表示数个和不确定的数目 ②数词主谓一致

基数词复数 + of + 可数n复数作S时，谓语v用复数 作S的数词表示整体时，用单数

表示百分数时（基数词 + per cent of + 可数n/不可数n），谓语v根据后面n决定

per cent 永远是单数 ③数词的百分数、分数和倍数 (1)百分数：percent of 百分之几 基数词+percent of + n (2)分数：分子用基数词，分母用序数词 分子=1时，分母为单数 分子≥2时，分母为复数 (3)倍数：time倍 基数词 + time + as +adj (+n) + as，是…的多少倍 基数词 + time + as +adj (+adv) 比较级 + than，比…多少倍 十、双宾语 要求双宾语的v有：allow, award, bring, buy, cook, deny, do, find, fetch, give, get, hand, lend, offer, leave, make, pass, pay, return, read, send, show, teach, tell, write等 十一、复合宾语 (1)要求 to do 的v有：ask ,advise, allow, beg, believe, cause, command, consider, declare, encourage, expect, find, force, get, hate, imagine, instruct, intend, invite, like, know, order, permit, persuade, prefer, press, remind, request, suppose, think, take, tell, understand, urge, want, warn, wish等

(2)要求 do 的v有：feel, have, hear, let, make, notice, see, smell, watch等 十二、感叹句 what what + a + adj + n + 陈述语序 what + adj + n复数 + 陈述语序 what + adj + 不可数n + 陈述语序 what + n (+ 陈述语序) how how + adj + a + n + 陈述语序 how + a + n复数 + 陈述语序 how + adj/adv + n + 陈述语序 how + 陈述语序 十三、强调句 (1)IT强调句：it is/was + 被强调的部分 + that/who + 原句其他部分

(2)倒装强调句：所强调的部分（通常为状语）+谓语+句子的其它部分 （必须主谓倒装） 十四、倒装句 主谓倒装

句型有疑问句、there be型、省略if的if条件句、还有状语部分置于句首的倒装

单词起始必须倒装，有only，so以及具有否定意义的词，如no sooner had… than、neither、never、not only、not until、seldom、scarcely等