山水与人居

刊首语

山水与人居

中国历史上有两幅最著名的绘画长卷。

其一是王希孟的“千里江山图”。画面上江水烟波浩渺，崇山峻岭层峦叠嶂，山中小径曲折盘旋，溪流飞瀑溅泻，山间点缀着农舍、村落、寺观、亭台水榭、磨坊和大小桥梁，建筑群无论是背山还是滨水，都随山就势，错落有致。画面描绘的是可居宜居的秀丽江山。

另一幅是张择端的“清明上河图”，这幅长卷描绘了北宋都城开封的运河风景和市井风俗。画面以汴河为中心，从郊外逐渐过渡到城市。从中我们可以看出，汴河不仅担负着都城繁忙的水上运输，还承担着各种综合复杂的生产、生活和生态功能。运河为开封带去繁荣与活力，也滋养了开封灿烂的文化。

这两幅宋画表达的内容及环境完全不同，前者描绘的是自然山水与乡村聚落；后者展现的是城水相融的古代城市，但两者都表达了山水与人居的密切关系，也反映了中国人的生活方式和人居理想。

中国人开始在这片土地上定居，依赖的是农业。中国是一个农业国家，几千年的灿烂文明都是建立在农业基础之上的。但其实，中国的自然条件对于发展农业来说有特别不利的一面，即大部分地区降水的年度分布与农作物生长的需水周期不能吻合。农业生产如果依靠自然降水，不仅不可靠，有可能还是灾难性的。

好在中国连绵不断的山脉孕育了数不清的河流，这为发展水利提供了优越的条件。中国人很早就开始建造各种水利设施，力求改造自然水环境，控制自然水文，为农业生产提供灌溉用水，也为不同地区之间的交通运输提供便利，于是在国土上逐渐形成了人工与自然结合的规模宏大的水系网络。这张水网支撑了农业生产，保证了中国在耕地有限的情况下养育了大量的人口；它也是环境支撑系统，减少了水害的压力，减弱了水害的强度，使得乡村和城市更具有弹性。

在中国，纵横交错的山脉将国土分割成无数个地理区域，而人工水道和天然河流共同构筑的水网，又将不同的区域联系起来。山地网络和水系网络互相叠加，造就了中国特有的山水相依，人工与自然交织的国土景观结构。在这样的基础上，人居空间得以建造。

由于中国的传统农业是一种劳动密集型农业，农田需要通过大量的劳作进行照料和维护，因此在一定范围的农田中必须有村落，两者相互依存，缺一不可。建造村落整理土地的方式与农地的整理方式是一致的，村落与农地的规划是一体的，支撑农业生产的水利设施也是支撑村民生活的基础设施。每个地区的农业与聚落相对稳定，世代沿袭，经过漫长的时间积累，形成了一个个乡村景观单元。王希孟的“千里江山图”描绘的就是自

然的河流湖泊串联起的位于山谷和山前地带的乡村与聚落，是高度概括的乡村人居环境。虽说有艺术化和理想化的成分，但反映了中国特有的与山水高度融合的乡村人居环境。

历史上许多城市的胚胎就是村落。农耕文明的土地整理，也逐渐转化成古人城市空间营建的基本准则。城市与农业的水环境目标在本质上是一致的，即稳定和可控。各地依据不同的自然条件创造出的农业生产支撑系统，如陂塘、运河、灌渠等，实际上也是城市的环境支撑系统。城市的功能和结构与这一系统密切相关。“清明上河图”就充分表现了一条人工运河为城市带来的繁荣和活力。从画面上看，这条运河将恬静的乡村与繁华的都城联系了起来；而在画面之外，这条运河与城市内外大大小小的人工与自然河湖一同构成了完整的水网，联系了帝国的广大疆域，沟通了不同地区的交通，为农田提供了灌溉，为城市提供了弹性的水的调蓄。

在漫长的农业社会，依靠不断积累的经验，我们的祖先一直在不同的地区，针对不同的自然条件，进行相应的水利建设、耕地拓展、土壤改良和家园营建，创造了整体的山水人居环境。这一过程并非是一帆风顺的，在各种历史记载中有不少失败的案例，也有一些历史上的开发和建设带来了环境的退化，如黄河中游丘陵山区的森林砍伐和农业垦殖是造成今天这些地区生态环境脆弱的主要原因。但是，仍然有大量成功的建设成果留存至今，如建造于2 000年前的都江堰和灵渠，今天仍发挥着当初的作用。还有许多历史悠久的城市，在古代修建了完善的陂塘河渠系统，虽然在今天这些系统的灌溉、供水和航运功能已经弱化或消失了，但却承载着更多的生态、游憩、文化和风景的价值，如杭州西湖、济南大明湖、福州西湖、宁波东钱湖和惠州西湖，等等。难以想象世界上还有哪些人工设施具有如此强大的生命力，能够历经上千年的环境与社会的变化，依然为人们提供服务。它们堪称可持续的典范。

今天，面对正在迅速改变的传统人居环境，面对愈加突出的环境污染、生态系统破碎、文化延续断裂等问题，我们不得不发出疑问：近40年的土地利用方式和建设途径是否能够很好地适合这片土地？各种可持续的理论是否真的比祖先留给我们的成功经验更加高明？已经延续了几千年的中国特有的山水人居是否还能持续？

主编：王向荣教授2018年9月2日

PREFACE

Landscape and Human Settlement

reputation.

Two painting scrolls in Chinese history enjoy the highest vast waves ofThe first is The Vast Land by Wang Ximeng. The painting illustrates folds, winding paths in zigzags, splashing streams and waterfalls with river in shrouded fogs, high mountains and hills in farmhouses, villages, temples, pavilions, mills and bridges in various sizes. With the mountain ranges or waterfronts as the background, the buildings conform to the terrain in sensuous proportions. The painting depicts a beautiful landscape that can be inhabited by human.

FestivalThe other painting is Along the River During the Qingming commoners’ life of by Zhang Zeduan, depicting the canal landscape and Dynasty. The painting centers on the Bianhe River that flows the capital city Kaifeng of Northern Song gradually from the suburb to downtown. It maintains the busy water transportation and booms the comprehensive functions oflivelihood, production and ecology. It is the canal that brought about human prosperity and vitality to the capital and that nourished the splendid culture ofSong Dynasty vary greatly from each other. The former elaborates The content and environment depicted in the two paintings of Kaifeng.

natural landscape and rural settlements while the latter represents the ancient waterside city. Nevertheless, both paintings express the intimate relationship between landscape and human settlement. They also reflect the lifestyle and ideal settlement of the Chinese people.on this piece of land. China also gestated its splendid civilization for Chinese rely on farming to survive at the very beginning of settling thousands of years on the basis of agriculture. However the natural condition ofmost areas, the annual rainfall distribution do not match the seasonal China does not favor the agricultural development in moisture demands ofproduction relies only on natural precipitation, the cropland production crop growth. In other words, if the farmland would be unreliable or even catastrophic.

providing superb conditions for water conservancy. Chinese strived Fortunately, the contiguous mountains conceived numerous rivers to build various water conservancy works in very early times, utilizing natural water to irrigate croplands and facilitate transportation between different regions, gradually forming huge artificial-natural water system nationwide. This water network supports agricultural production ensuring that China raises a large population with limited acreage ofsystem, reducing the pressure of arable land. It also works as an environmental supporting intensity, so that improving the rural and urban resilience.

flood and drought, weakening flood geographical areas that are interconnected by water networks The criss-crossing mountains divide the territory into different comprised ofand water system intertwine with each other to create the unique artificial waterways and natural rivers. The mountain mountain-water territorial landscape on the basis ofbecame capable to build their settlements.

which Chinese farmland maintained through laborious care, so there must be villages Traditional Chinese agriculture is labor-intensive with the in accessible distance to farmland. The site location ofis generally not far from farmland, so that villages and farmland a village are mostly well-integrated with each other. The water conservancy facilities supporting agricultural production are also the infrastructure to support the life ofsettlements in each region are relatively stable with inheritances from the villagers. The agriculture and human generation by generation, so after long period ofrural landscape unit should come into being. The Vast Land by Wang

accumulation a 刊首语/ Preface

Ximeng elaborates the natural waters-linked villages and settlements in foothills and piedmonts. As a highly generalized rural settlement representation, the painting reflects the unique landscape fused human settlement of rural area in China.

land consolidation in agriculture civilization gradually transforms into Villages are mostly the embryos of cities in human history. The basic norms ofenvironment is in consist with that of agricultural water environment urban planning. The primary goal of urban water in terms ofsystems created in various sites according to its natural conditions, stability and controllability. The agriculture supporting including the impounding lakes, canals, irrigation channels etc., are actually the urban environmental supporting systems as well, on which During the Qingming Festivalthe urban functions and structures are depended. Along the River vitality brought by an artificial canal to the city. It can be seen from the demonstrates amply the prosperity and painting that the canal connects the quiet countryside with the bustling downtown area. What was not seen is that the canal, as part ofintegrated water network linking numerous artificial and natural rivers an and lakes in and out of the capital city, extended to the vast territory, communicating the whole empire, providing farmland irrigation function and urban water resilience.

region ofIn the long-lasting agricultural society, Chinese ancestors in different the natural conditions to carry out water conservancy construction, the territory kept accumulating experiences of utilizing arable land expansion, soil improvement and settlement construction, by which created the overall mountain-water integrated landscape. This process is not easily conducted. There are many recorded failure cases and some developments in the history have brought about environmental degradation. For example, the deforestation and agricultural cultivation in the hilly area of the middle reaches of the Yellow River are the causes for the fragile ecological condition in these areas. In meantime, countless successful construction achievements have survived, as the Dujiangyan Irrigation System and Lingqu Canal which were both built 2,000 years ago and are still functioning as ever before. Many historic cities also built complete systems of the impounding lake in their ancient times. Although their roles ofor disappeared, they carry more values in ecological conservation, irrigation, water supply and shipping have now weakened recreation, city culture and scenery, with the example ofWest Lake, Jinan Daming Lake, Fuzhou West Lake, Ningbo Dongqian Hangzhou Lake and Huizhou West Lake and so on. It is hard to imagine what other artificial facilities in the world may have such strong vitality in provide services for people after thousands years’ environmental and social transition. They are authentic models of sustainability.

as well as the increasingly prominent problems ofToday, in the face of the rapidly evolving human settlement pollution, ecosystem fragmentation, cultural discontinuation, environmental etc., some questions have to be raised: Could the land usage and construction method over the past 40 years well-fit this piece ofland? Are the sorts of successful practices left by our ancestors? Can China sustain its sustainable theories more brilliant than the unique landscapes that have lasted for thousands of years?

Translator: WANG Xiyue

Chief Editor: Prof. Dr-Ing. WANG Xiangrong

September 2nd, 2018