非谓语动词

非谓语动词

一． 动词不定式 1． 作主语

To learn a foreign language is very important.

To know everything is impossible. To have known you is a great honor. 2． 作宾语

I forget to post the letter for you. He wants to become a doctor. Grace refused to cook supper. 3． 作表语

To live is to do something worthwhile. The chair is to be sold. He is to give up drinking. 4． 作状语

We jumped with joy to hear of the news. I was delighted to pass the exam.

To learn English, you must spend a lot of time reading and speaking. I spoke loudly to be heard.

I have been working so hard even since

six o’clock as to feel tired out.

The boy is too young to dress himself. 5． 作宾语补足语

She asked me to come at once. I was asked to come at once.

He likes his wife to be dressed in blue. I’ve arranged for the best surgeon to operate on you. 6． 作定语

He wants some beer to drink.

He is a pleasant person to talk with. I want to rent a room to live in.

There is a lot to say about the article.

The person to come to help me is Benjamin. 7． 作同位语

His ambition, to become an English teacher, was never realized.

We all have a common wish – to live a rich and healthy life. 8. 其他

I want to know what to do next.

How to get there is still a problem.

He stayed at his office to finally finish his work.

He failed to entirely understand what I said.

I told him not to do that again.

I hope not to keep you waiting for long. I want to visit him and ( to ) discuss the question again.

The boy hurt himself; he didn’t know whether to laugh or ( to ) cry. Why not stay?

Why stand there doing nothing? I would rather ( sooner ) stop here. We might as well walk home.

Grace does nothing but criticize me. She made me do all the housework.

I saw him enter the warehouse just now. 二． 动名词 1. 作主语

Saying is easier than doing.

Smoking a lot does harm to your health.

It is +no use, no good, no point, useless, senseless, a waste of time, worthwhile, pity, worth，terrible, fun, hard, funny, difficult It’s no use helping him. He doesn’t help himself.

It’s crazy talking to the manager that way. 2. 作表语

My duty is looking after the baby. Her greatest hobby is dancing. 3. 作宾语

enjoy, avoid, mind, fancy, put off, give up, acknowledge, appreciate, cannot help, cannot resist, consider, finish, keep, practice,

advise, deny, go on,

I hate getting up early.

Jack admitted breaking the glass. 4. 作介词宾语

I am looking forward to seeing you.

On arriving at Guangzhou, I telephoned him. 5. 其它

My father’s falling ill worried me.

My coming late again made the teacher angry.

I’m fond of watching birds. 6. 比较

1）I had meant to help you, but I forgot. What he said meant spending a large sum of money.

2）I regret telling you the news.

I regret to tell you the news. 3) They stopped having a rest. They stopped to have a rest. 4) We went on reading.

After doing the exercises, we went on to read the text.

5) They want to repair the house. The house wants repairing. 6) I can’t help apologizing.

I can’t help to apologize for you. 7) The car has ceased running. The car has ceased to run. 8) I scorn telling lies.

I scorn to tell lies.

9) He deserves shooting first. He deserves to shoot first.

10) I left off reading when I saw her.

He left off to spend his weekend.

11) He chanced climbing the highest

mountain.

I chanced to be out when he telephoned. 12) He has learned to skate skillfully.

He has been learning skating for six weeks but still falling down all the time.

After seeing the film, I went back with Nancy by bus.

Before making a decision, you should think it over.

I was punished for having been absent many times. Thank you for helping me

with my English.

三． 分词 1. 作定语

boiling water （正在沸腾的水） boiled water （沸腾过的水）

the rising sun （正在升起的太阳） the risen sun （已升起的太阳）

a developing country a developed country a bored traveler 感到厌烦的游客） a boring journey （ 令人厌烦的旅行） The suggestion sent to the president was adopted.

A man growing rich overnight is likely to become arrogant.

retired workers (退休工人) returned students (归国留学生)

departed friends （离去的朋友） an escaped prisoner （逃犯） fallen leaves （落叶） a grown man （成年人）

well-behaved children （守规矩的孩子） a widely-traveled man （游历广泛的人） a newly-arrived visitor （刚来的客人） 1) All people involved were called to court. （所有相牵连的人都被传唤到法庭。）

That is an involved situation. （那是一个复杂的局面。）

2) The teaching method used is very efficient. （被采纳的教学方法很有效。） This is a used TV set. （这是一台用过的电视机。）

3) The dictionary given to him is a present. （给他的词典是一个礼物。）

I will see you at a given time and place. （我要在特定的时间、地点见你。）

4) All parties concerned are present. （有关各方都到场了。）

He sat thinking with a concerned look. （他坐在那里思考，面露关切之情。）

※ 分词可用来构成合成形容词作定语 an ordinary-looking girl an epoch-making event English-speaking countries a well-written article

a highly-developed country a man-made satellite

2. 作状语 1）条件状语

Given more time, I’ll do it better.

Used economically, our supply of oil will last for another month.

Turning to the right, you will see a beautiful lake.

United we stand, divided we fall. 2）作原因状语

Being very tired, I could not go any further. Being unable to go home for lunch, I ate something as a snack counter by the road. The doctor, not wanting to make the patient nervous, did not explain the seriousness of his illness.

There being nothing to do, I went to bed earlier.

Discouraged, I started to leave the place without a word. 3）时间状语

Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy. Approaching her window, I felt my heart

beat faster.

Seeing these old photos, I couldn’t help thinking of my old friends.

When combined with practice, theory becomes easier to learn.

Once set free, the convict began to commit crimes.

Once seen wandering in the street, you’ll be punished by your parents. 4）结果状语

He died at the age of 40, leaving his wife with four children.

The output of coal this year increased by 20%, reaching 30,000 tons.

My car was caught in deep snow, thus causing the delay. 5) 让步状语

Although warned of danger, he still went on skating on the lake.

Not having been discovered, many laws of nature actually exist in nature.

Granting his honesty, we still can’t put him

in such an important post. 6）伴随状语

She was on her way home, singing to herself.

I went to the classroom, followed by a group of students.

Dressed in plain clothes, two policemen suddenly appeared.

Bleeding, the soldier lay by the road.

Don’t talk to others while taking an exam. Be careful when driving a car. 3. 作宾语补足语

常见的感官动词 see, watch, notice, observe, find, fell, smell, listen to, hear, look at; 常见的使役动词set, have, make, get, leave, keep I enjoy listening to birds singing beautifully in the park.

I heard somebody knocking at the door gently.

Be quick, I smell something burning.

A. 以下几句都是过去分词作宾补，表示被动、完成的含义

I am glad to see my child well looked after in the kindergarten.

I felt a heavy burden taken off my mind. I saw the thief caught by policemen.

I could hardly make myself understood in English.

B. have + 宾语+ 过去分词

I have 50% of my salary saved each month for a new apartment.

I’ll have my radio repaired this afternoon. I had my wallet stolen yesterday. 4. 作主语补足语

I heard him singing in the next room. He was heard singing in the next room.

The teacher caught Jack cheating on the exam.

Jack was caught cheating on the exam. I often find Grace dozing off in class. Grace is often found dozing off in class. 5. 作表语

He appeared unsatisfied with our performance.

The industrial development is rather encouraging. He got promoted.

I feel assured for her success.

Benjiamin is well qualified for the post. 6. 主格结构 Seven patterns

1) S+(being)+N, …..

Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor.

Two thousand people died in the earthquake, many of them children. 2) S+(being)+adj., …..

So many people being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. （原因） 3) S+(being)+adv., …

The holidays being over, they began to get down to do their work again. （时间） 4) S+(being)+Prep., …

A man was walking towards me, a gun in his hand.

5) S+(being)+.ved, ….

He stood there with his hands crossed before him.

6) S+(being)+ ving., …

We went far into the forest, her father acting as guide. （伴随）

Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday. （条件）

Emile stood there, his eyes never leaving “the black hat”. （伴随） 7) S+(being)+to+v, ….

The football star testified in court this morning that he hadn’t taken any illegal drugs, the details to be reported this evening.

We have worked out a plan to make full use of our limited money, my husband’s salary to pay for our daughter’s education fees and mine to buy daily necessities.

Seeing from the hill, you can enjoy the beautiful view of the city.

Seen from a great distance, the girl is almost

perfect in appearance.

＃Turning around, an old lady was seen walking with difficulty.

主格结构一般位于句首，表示时间、原因、条件、方式等，有时也居于句尾，表示伴随状况。

The heavy rain being over, I went on working in the field.

= When the heavy rain was over, …

Grace coming home, I discussed my plan with her again.

= When Grace came home, …

Weather permitting, I shall go there. = If weather permits,…

All things considered, my plan is very practicable.

= If all things are considered, …

Nobody wanting to go with me, I’ll have to go alone.

= Since nobody wants to go with me, …

That being the case, we’d better make another plan.

= Since that is the case, …

The flood having destroyed everything, they became poverty-stricken.

= Because the flood had destroyed everything, …

So much time having been wasted, the boy will be punished.

= Because so much time has been wasted, .. A lot of money having been spent, the work is still half done.

= Although a lot of money has been spent, …

There being nothing to do, we began to play computer games.

= Because there was nothing to, …

He lay by the road, his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces.

= …, and his face was covered with mud and his clothes were torn into pieces.

My home is on the second floor, its windows overlooking the Mirror Lake.

= …, and its windows overlook the Mirror

Lake.

主格结构前有时有with或without, “with/ without+主语+分词” 的结构，这一结构可以作伴随状语或作定语

Everything ( being ) taken into consideration, he did a good job.

The work ( being ) done, I felt relieved.

The teacher came in, a book ( being ) in his hand.

The problem ( having been ) solved, the meeting ended.

Every means ( having been ) tried, I was still unable to find a satisfactory solution to the problem.

He sat there quietly, his eyes ( being ) full of tears.

I couldn’t put my heart into my studies with my younger brother playing noisily outside my study.

She went back home at night without anyone accompanying her.

I like to sleep with the window closed.

I watched her walking towards me, with my heart beating faster.

With the first point agreed on, we turned our negotiation to another.

在英语中有少数分词或分词短语已成为习惯用语，在句中没有自己的逻辑主语，这些分词或分词短语包括considering（考虑到）, including（包括）, wanting（缺少）, given（考虑到）, generally speaking（总之）, judging by / from（从。。。判断）, Talking of（说到）, taking … into consideration（把。。。考虑在内）等。例如：

Judging from his accent, he must be a northerner.

Talking of money, I have none.

Generally speaking, men are stronger than women.

Given his young age, he did a good job.

Supposing ( that ) something should go wrong, what would you do then ?