2017年12月英语四级真题答案及解析(第一套)

Part I Writing 审题思路： 父母与子女的关系是一个老生常谈的话题，学生自己也会非常有感触、有话说。因此，关键是如何组织语言，并把重点落脚到“how”上面。如果采用我们一贯熟悉的“三点式”来讲怎么做，当然无可厚非。不过，也可以换一种思路，重点从子女如何做下笔，并分析原因，使文章显得有理有据。考场上时间紧张，考生思维也易受局限，不管从哪个角度写，一定要先列好提纲，理顺思路。

高分范文： Communication Is the Best Gift for Parents The relationship between parents and children is an eternal and universal topic for mankind. Our relationship with parents might be different at different ages. And for young people at their 20s, I think it will depend more on what children do. The reason why I say so is that as we grow up, our parents who were our idols before gradually get old and even out-dated. However hard efforts they make, they could not catch up with our steps, leading to the so-called invisible generation gap. Thus, if we cannot slow down our pace, there will definitely be an awkward silence between parents and us, which is not rare now. As a result, young people should talk more with parents to share our feelings and to understand each other better.

Everyone wants loving parents who are open and supportive. Only through frequent communication with them, can we establish such a harmonious relationship. 全文翻译：

交流是给父母的最好的礼物

对人类而言，父母与子女的关系是一个永恒而又普通的话题。我们与父母的关系可能在不同的年龄阶段有所不

同。对二十几岁的年轻人来说，我认为与父母的关系更多取决于孩子怎么做。 我之所以这样说是因为随着我们长大，曾经被我们视为偶像的父母渐渐老去，甚至落伍。不管他们怎么努力都无法追赶上我们的脚步，从而导致所谓的无形的代沟。因此，如果我们不能放慢自己的脚步，那我们与父母之间绝对会产生尴尬的沉默，现在这种现象并不罕见。所以，年轻人应该多与父母交流，以分享我们的感受和更好地相互理解。

每个人都想拥有慈爱、开放、支持我们的父母。只有通过频繁的沟通交流，我们才能与父母建立起这种和谐的关系。

Part II Listening Comprehension

Section A News Report On

(1)A 9-year-old girl in New Mexico has raised more than $500 for her little brother who needs heart surgery in Houston, Texas this July. Addison Witulski’s grandmother Kim Allred, said Addison probably overheard a conversation between family members talking about the funds needed to get her little brother to treatment. \"I guess she overheard her grandfather and me talking about how we're worried about how we're going to get to Houston, for my grandson's heart surgery,\" said Allred. (2) “She decided to go outside and have a lemonade stand and make some drawings and pictures and sell them.” That's when Addison and her friends Erika and Emily Borden decided to sell lemonade for 50 cents a cup and sell pictures for 25 cents each. Before Allred knew it, New Mexico State Police Officers were among the many stopping by helping them reach a total of $568. The family turned to social media expressing their gratitude saying, \"From the bottom of our hearts, we would like to deeply thank each and every person that stopped by!\"

Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.

未听先知：预览两道题各选项，由selling、working part time、asking for help等词可推测，新闻与筹集钱款有关。第1题各选项均为人物，听音时应注意捕捉相关人物信息；第2题各选项均以By开头，可能考查某人筹集钱款的方式。

1. Who did Addison raise the money for?

答案：D

详解：新闻开头提到，新墨西哥州一个9岁的女孩已经为需要做心脏手术的弟弟筹集了500多美元。从新闻接下来的讲述中可知，这个女孩名叫Addison，因此答案为D。 2. How did Addison raise the money?

答案：B

详解：新闻中，Addison的奶奶讲述了Addison筹钱的经过：她或许是听到了家人讨论弟弟手术需要钱的事情，于是决定外出摆摊卖柠檬水，并且画一些画卖掉。由此可知，女孩Addison是通过卖柠檬水和画为弟弟筹钱的，因此答案为B。 News Report Two （3）Last week, France announced that the country will pave 621 miles of road with solar panels over the next five years，with the goal of providing cheap, renewable energy to five million people. Called “the Ward Way,” the roads will be built through joint efforts with the French road building company Colas and the National Institute of Solar Energy. The company spent the last five years developing solar panels that are only about a quarter of inch thick and are strong enough to stand up to heavy highway traffic without breaking or making the roads more slippery. (4-1)The panels are also designed so that they can be installed directly on top of the existing roadways, making them relatively cheap and easy to install. France is the first country to kick around the idea of paving its roads with solar panels. In November 2015, the Netherlands completed a 229-foot long bike path paved with solar panels as a test for future projects. (4-2)However, this is the first time a panel has been designed to be laid directly on top existing roads and the first project to install the panels on public highways. Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.

未听先知：预览两道题各选项，由选项中出现的new solar panel和clean energy等词可推测，新闻内容与新能源有关。第3题各选项均是分词结构，结合语义可知，本题旨在考查某事的意图；第4题主语均是They，结合语义可知，本题旨在考查They的特征，听音时要注意确定They的所指。 3. What was France’s purpose of constructing the Ward Way?

答案：B

详解：新闻开头提到，上周法国宣布将在接下来的五年里用太阳能电池板铺设621英里长的公路，目的是为五百万人提供廉价的可再生能源。从接下来的内容可知，这条路叫作“the Wattway”，因此答案为B。 4. What is special about the solar panels used in the Ward Way? 答案：C

详解：新闻中提到即将修建的the Wattway的一些特征：太阳能电池板厚度只有四分之一英尺，但足以满足繁忙的交通使用，也不会使路面变滑；电池板可以直接装在原有的公路上面，这样不但节约了成本而且容易安装。新闻末尾又提到，这是第一次把电池板装在原有公路上，也是第一个把电池板装在公用道路上的项目。对比选项可知，C为答案。 News Report Three Lions have disappeared from much of Africa, but for the past few years scientists have wondered if the big cats were hanging on in remote parts of Sudan and Ethiopia. （5）Continuous fighting in the region has made surveys difficult. （6）But scientists released a report Monday documenting with hard evidence the discovery of \"lost lions.\" A team with Oxford University’s Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, supported by a charity organization, spent two nights in November camping in a national park in northwest Ethiopia on the Ethiopia-Sudan border. （7）The researchers set out six camera traps, capturing images of lions, and the identified lion tracks. The scientists concluded that lions are also likely to live in a neighboring national park across the border in Sudan. The International Union for Conservation of Nature had previously considered the area a \"possible range\" for the species, and local people had reported seeing lions in the area, but no one presented convincing evidence.

Questions 5 and 7 are based on the news report you have just heard. 未听先知：预览三道题各选项，由选项中反复出现的lions可以初步推测，新闻内容与狮子有关；再结合clues、research、observe和find evidence等词以及Sudan、Ethiopia两个国家名可进一步推测，新闻内容涉及在苏丹和埃塞俄比亚对

狮子展开的研究或者观察。

5. What has made it difficult to survey lions in remote parts of Sudan and Ethiopia?

答案：C

详解：新闻开头提到，狮子在非洲大部分地区已经消失，但是在过去的几年，科学家们曾经猜想，在苏丹和埃塞俄比亚的偏远地区是否会有狮子活动的迹象。然后，新闻提到这一地区战乱频繁，使科学家们的调查举步维艰，因此答案为C。

6. What was the main purpose of the research? 答案：D

详解：新闻中提到，科学家在周一发布了一份报告，用强有力的证据证明发现了“消失的狮子”。接下来描述了发现的过程：牛津大学野生动物保护与研究团队在位于苏埃边境的埃塞俄比亚西北部的国家公园守候了两个晚上，发现了狮子的踪迹。由此可知，这一研究的主要目的就是找到“消失的狮子”存在的证据，因此答案为D。 7. What did the researchers find in the national park?

答案：A

详解：新闻中提到，研究者们在国家公园设置了6个相机陷阱，捕捉到了狮子的图像，发现了狮子的踪迹，因此答案为A。 Section B

Conversation One

M: （8-1）I beg you’re looking forward to the end of this month， Aren’t you? W: Yes, I am. How did you know?

M: David told me you had a special birthday coming up.

W: （8-2）Oh, yes. That’s right. This year would be my golden birthday. M: What does that mean? I’ve never heard of a golden birthday.

W: I’ve actually just learned of this concept myself. Fortunately, just in time to celebrate. （8-3）A golden or lucky birthday is when one turns the age of their birth date. （9）So, for example, my sister’s birthday is December 9th and her golden birthday would have been the year she turns 9 years old. Come to think of it , my parents did throw her a surprise party that year. M: Interesting. Too bad I missed mine. My golden birthday would’ve been four years ago. I assumedly got a big plan then. W: Actually yes. My husband is planning a surprise holiday for the two of us next week. I have no idea what he’s gotten in

mind, but I’m excited to find out. Has he mentioned anything to you?

M: He might have.

W: Anything you’d like to share? （10）I’m dying to know what kind of trip he has planned where we’re going. M: Yeah, nothing at all.

W: Not a clue. Hard to imagine, isn’t it! Though I must say, I think it has been even more fun keeping the secret for me the past few weeks.

M: I’m sure both of you will have a fantastic time. Happy golden birthday! （11）I can’t wait to hear all about it when you get back.

Questions 8 and 11 are based on the news report you have just heard.

未听先知：预览四道题各选项，由gift、wedding anniversary、birthday和反复出现的holiday等词可以推测，对话内容与结婚纪念日或者生日有关，内容涉及礼物，而礼物就是度假。

8. What does the woman looking forward to? 答案：D 详解：对话开头，男士说女士一定在期盼月末的到来，女士表示肯定，并问男士是怎么知道的，男士回答因为David曾跟他说过女士快要过一个特殊的生日了。结合下文可知，生日特殊是因为它是golden birthday,也叫lucky birthday。由此可知，女士期待的是她的lucky birthday，答案为D。 9. What did the woman’s parents do on her sister’s lucky birthday?

答案：A

详解：对话中女士提到，她妹妹的生日是12月9日，那么她的golden birthday就是她九岁的生日，并且回想起当时她的父母给她妹妹举办了一场惊喜派对，因此答案为A。

10. What is the woman eager to find out about?

答案：C

详解：女士说她的丈夫正准备下周给她一个惊喜之旅，她非常想知道是一个什么样的旅行或者是去哪里旅行。由此可知，女士想知道的是她丈夫制订的旅行计划，因此答案为C。 11. What does the man say at the end of the conversation?

答案：B

详解：对话末尾，男士向女士表达生日祝贺，并说自己迫不及待地想要知道他们的旅途故事，因此答案为B。

Conversation Two

W: Mr. Green, What do you think makes a successful negotiator?

M: Well, It does hard to define, but I think successful negotiators have several things in common. They are always polite

and rational people, they are firm, but flexible. They can recognize power and know how to use it. （12）They are sensitive to the dynamics in the negotiation, the way it raises and falls, and how may change the direction. They project the image of confidence. （13）And perhaps most importantly, they know when to stop. W: And what about an unsuccessful negotiator?

M: Well, this probably all of us when we start out. We are probably immature and over-trusting, too emotional or aggressive. We are unsure of ourselves and want to be liked by everyone. (14)Good negotiators learn fast, pool negotiators remain like that and go on losing negotiations. W: In your opinion, can the skills of negotiation be taught?

M: Well, you can teach someone how to prepare for negotiation. (15)There’re perhaps six stages in every negotiation: get to know the other side; stay your goals; start the process; clarify there is a disagreement or conflict; reassess your position, making acceptable compromises; and finally reach some agreement in principals. These stages can be studied, and strategies to be used in each can be planned before-hand. But I think the really successful negotiator is probably born with the sixth sense that may respond properly to the situation at hand. W: The artistic sense you just described? M: Yes, that’s right

Questions 12 and 15 are based on the news report you have just heard.

未听先知：预览四道题各选项，由rival、compromises、negotiation、principles、the other sides和strategy等词可以推测，对话内容与谈判有关，可能涉及谈判的原则和策略、技巧等。 12. What’s the man say about good negotiators?

答案：D

详解：对话开头，女士询问男士什么造就了一个成功的谈判者。男士说成功的谈判者有一些共同特征：他们礼貌而且有理性；他们立场坚定又不失灵活；他们知道着力点在哪里而且知道如何去运用；他们知道谈判的力度以及这种力度会如何改变话题方向。因此答案为D。

13. What does the man say, maybe the most important thing to a successful negotiator?

答案：A

详解：男士在讲述成功谈判者的特点时提到，最重要的是他们知道何时停下来。因此答案为A。 14. How is a good negotiator different from a poor one? 答案：B

详解：对话中女士询问一个失败的谈判者是什么样子，男士说可能我们刚涉足谈判时都是失败的谈判者，我们不成熟、过度信任、太过感情用事、咄咄逼人。后来善于学习的人成为成功的谈判者，而原地踏步的人成为失败者。由此可知，成功的谈判者与失败的谈判者之间最大的区别在于成功者善于学习，因此答案为B。

15. What’s the first stage of a negation according to the man? 答案：C

详解：对话中，女士询问谈判的技巧是否可以学会，男士回答说你可以教一个人如何准备一场谈判，并将谈判过程分为六个阶段：了解堆放；说明自己的目标；开始谈判；明确双方冲突；重新评估自己的立场适当让步；在原则上达成一致。由此可见，谈判的第一个环节是了解对方，因此答案为C。 Section C

Passage One

Some people wonder why countries spend millions of dollars on space projects. （16）They want to know how space research helps people on Earth. Actually, space technology helps people on earth every day. This is called “spin-off technology.” Spin-off technology is space technology that is now used on Earth. (17)In early space programs, such as the Apollo missions of the 1960s and 1970s, and in the space shuttle missions today, scientists developed objects for the astronauts to use on the moon and in space. We now use some of these objects every day. (18)For example, we have quartz crystal clocks and watches accurate to within one minute a year. We purify the water we drink with the water filter designed for the astronauts’ use in space. The cordless hand-held tools we use in our homes, such as vacuum cleaners, flashlights, drills and saws came from the technology of these early space programs. On cold winter days, we can stay warm with battery-operated gloves and socks, and specially-made coats and jackets. All these clothes are similar to the spacesuit designs that kept astronauts comfortable in the temperatures of the moon, and are spin-offs from space technology. These products are only a few examples of the many ways space technology helps us in our everyday lives. No one knows how new spin-off technology from the International Space Station will help us in the future.

Questions 16 and 18 are based on the news report you have just heard.

未听先知：预览三道题各选项，由选项中出现的International Space Station、space shuttle missions、space program、technology、astronauts等词可以判断，短文内容与航天技术有关。 16. What do some people want to know about space exploration? 答案：A

详解：短文开头提到，有些人想知道为什么国家在太空项目上花费数百万美元，他们想知道太空研究如何能帮助到在地球哈桑的人们。录音中的helps与A选项中的benefits是同义转述，因此答案为A。 17. What did scientist do for the space shuttle missions? 答案：C

详解：短文中提到，在早期的太空项目中，如在20世纪60年代和70年代的阿波罗任务以及今天的航天飞机任务中，科学家们开发了供宇航员们在月球上和太空中使用的物品。因此答案为C。 18. What does the speaker say about the quartz crystal clocks and watches?

答案：B

详解：短文提到，我们现在使用的石英钟和石英表的精确度达到了一年误差在一分钟以内，因此答案为B。

Passage Two

（19）Well, if I could go back in history and live, I'd like to go back to the 18th century and perhaps in colonial America in Yankee New England where one of my ancestors lived, because it was the beginning of something. By the 18th century, there was a feeling of community that had grown. My ancestor was a preacher traveling around the countryside. People lived in small communities. There were fisherman and farmers who provided fresh food that tasted and looked like food. unlike that in today’s supermarkets, and there were small towns and New York wasn't that far away. (20)I'm deeply attached to the Puritan tradition, not in a religious sense, but they believed in working for something, working for goals, and I like that. They worked hard at whatever they did, but they had a sense of achievement. They believed in goodness, in community, and helping one another. I love it. the colonial fabrics, all the silver work, the furnishings, the combination of elegance simplicity. I love it. The printing, the books, I’m very attached to all that kind of thing. That may not all be very entertaining in the modern sense of the world, (21)but I would have enjoyed spending my evenings in that environment, discussing new ideas, building a new world, And I can see myself sitting on a small chair by the fire doing needlework.

Questions 19 and 21 are based on the news report you have just heard.

未听先知：预览三道题各选项，由选项中的ancestors和America等词可判断，短文内容与过去的美国有关。第19题的着眼点在描绘过去的状态或者过去某个时间点的特殊意义；第20题主要描述某类人群的细节信息；第21题均是分词短语结构，旨在考查动作。

19. Why does the speaker say she would like to go back and live in the 18th century America?

答案：C

详解：讲话者在短文开头表示，如果能回到历史中生活，她愿意回到18世纪的美国，因为这个时期标志着一些东西的开始，因此答案为C。

20. What does the speaker say about the Puritans? 答案：D

详解：讲话者提到，她非常喜欢清教徒的传统并非是宗教信仰的缘故，而是清教徒认为工作是有意义的，他们为了目标而工作，因此答案为D。

21. What would the speaker like doing if she could go back to the past? 答案：B

详解：讲话者在短文末尾提到，如果能够回到从前，她喜欢在那样的环境里这样度过夜晚：讨论新的想法，建立一个新的世界，坐在炉火旁的小椅子上做针线活，因此答案为B。

Passage Three

If you are lost in the woods, a little knowledge can turn what some people call a hardship into an enjoyable stay away from the troubles of modern society. (22)When you think you're lost, sit down on the log or rock, or lean against the tree, and recite something you have memorized to bring your mind to a point where it is under control. Don’t run blindly. If you must move, don't follow a stream unless you know it, and in that case you're not lost. (23)Streams normally flow through wetland before they reach a lake or a river. Though there are more eatable plants, there may also be wild animals, poisonous snakes, and other hazards. (24)Many experts feel it’s wisest to walk uphill. At the top of most hills and mountains are trails leading back to civilization. If there are no trails, you're much easier to be seen on top of a hill. and you may even spot a highway or a railroad from this point. Nowadays, the first way someone will search for you is by air. In a wetland or in dense growth, you're very hard to spot. (25)Anytime you go into the woods, somebody should know where you're going, and when you’re expected to return. Also when someone comes looking, you should be able to signal to them.

Questions 22 and 25 are based on the news report you have just heard.

未听先知：预览四道题各选项，由map、location、compass、food and drink等词推测，短文内容与迷路有关。第22题和第24题各选项均为动词短语，结合语义可知，这两题考查迷路后应该怎么做；第23题各选项均含有may，表达可能性，考查采取某种行动可能会出现的后果；第25题各选项也都是动词短语，结合语义可推测，此题考查出发前的注意事项。

22. What does the speaker advise you to do first if you are lost in the woods?

答案：A

详解：短文开头提到，当你觉得自己迷路了的时候，要坐在一块木头或石头上，或者靠在一棵树上，回忆一些你记住的东西，把思想带到你能控制的地方。不要盲目地跑。由此可知，讲话者建议迷路的时候首先要坐下来冷静一下，因此答案为A。

23. What will happen if you follow an unknown stream in the woods?

答案：C

详解：短文中提到，小溪一般经过湿地后才会汇入湖泊或河流，如果跟着不熟悉的小溪走，你也许会遇到更多可吃的植物，但也会碰到野生动物、毒蛇以及其他危险。由此可知，沿着不了解的小溪走可能会使自己置身于意想不到的危险中，因此答案为C。

24. What do many experts think is the wisest thing to do if you're lost in the woods?

答案：A

详解：短文中明确提到，很多专家认为，迷路的时候往山上走是最明智的选择。因此答案为A。 25. What should you do before you go into the woods? 答案：D

详解：短文结尾处提到，任何时候你要进入森林，都应该有人知道你要去哪里，预计什么时候回来。由此可知，在进入森林之前，应该让别人知道你的计划，因此答案为D。

Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension

Section A 全文翻译：

老鼠和鸽子也许不是照看病人的最好的选择，但是这些生物有着（26）较好的技能帮助人类治疗疾病。 鸽子经常被视为很脏的鸟类和城市（27）公害，但是它们最近刚刚被列入有能力帮组人类的动物行列中的一员。尽管鸽子只有一个不大于你食指（28）尖大小的脑子，它们却有着非常惊人的（29）视觉记忆。最近有观点指出，

它们可以被训练地和人类一样能精确地通过图像检测乳腺癌。

老鼠经常和传遍疾病（30）联系在一起，而不是（31）预防疾病，但是这种长尾巴动物高度（32）敏感。在老鼠的鼻子中有多达1,000种不同的嗅觉感受器，而人类只有100至200种。这使得老鼠具有察觉（33）轻微气味的能力。因此，一些老鼠被用来检测肺结核，当老鼠察觉到某种气味时，它们会停下来摩擦自己的腿，以（34）表明样本被感染了。 通常，一百个样本要花费实验技术员超过两天的时间来（35）检测，但是一只老鼠只需要花费不到二十分钟，这种老鼠检测方法并不依赖于专业设备。同时也更准确——老鼠能够发现更多的肺结核感染，因此能挽救更多的生命。 详解详析：

26.答案：K)superior

详解：形容词辨析题。空格前为some,空格后为名词skills,故应填入形容词。由于上文提到，老鼠和鸽子也许并不是照看病人的最好的选择，是对这两种动物的一种否定，但从转折词but可以看出，空格所在句应该是对这两种动物的肯定，因此应填入有积极含义的形容词。K) superior意为“较好的”，符合句意，故为答案。 27.答案：D）nuisance

详解：名词辨析题。空格前是形容词urban，故应填入名词。该句中and前面的含义是“鸽子经常被视为很脏的鸟类”，根据并列连词and可以推断urban后的名词也应该是贬义类词汇。D）nuisance意为“讨厌的人或事”，符合句意，故为答案。 28.答案：M）tip

详解：名词辨析题。空格前为冠词the，后面是介词of，可以推测此处应填入名词，且该词与of后面的index finger有关。该句是在描述鸽子脑子的大小，指出其不大于人类食指的某部分，选项中只有M）tip“尖端，末梢”符合此处的含义，故为答案。 29.答案：O）visual

详解：形容词辨析题。空格前为形容词impressive，空格后为名词memory，因此此处应填入形容词修饰memory，指某类记忆。结合下文句意，鸽子能够训练地和人类一样能精确地通过图像检测乳腺癌，可见鸽子的视觉优势比较明显，故O）visual“视觉的”为答案。 30.答案：A）associated

详解：动词辨析题。空格前为be动词are，空格后为介词with，故推测此处应填入动词的过去分词构成被动语态。With后的部分spreading disease意为“传播疾病”，根据常识可知，老鼠通常都被认为是传播疾病的元凶，associated意为“联系”，符合句意，be associated with为固定搭配，意为“与……有关”，故答案为A。

31.答案：F）preventing

详解：动词辨析题。空格所在句中的rather than起到了连词的作用，故前后的词性是一致的，其前面是动名词结构，故空格处也应该填入动名词，且根据rather than“而不是”可知，空格处的动名词与spreading disease的含义相反，备选项中preventing意为“预防”，既符合词性要求，也符合句意，故F）为答案。

32.答案：H）sensitive

详解：形容词辨析题。空格前为副词highly，故此处应填入形容词。结合句意，but前指出老鼠通常是传播疾病的，为贬义，故but后的句意应为褒义，同时结合后文，老鼠的鼻子中有多达1，000种不同的嗅觉感受器，因此此处应该表达老鼠“灵敏度高”的意思，H）sensitive意为“敏感的”，符合句意，故为答案。 33.答案：I）slight

详解：形容词辨析题。空格前为动词detect，空格后为名词smells，由此推测空格处应填入形容词。上文指出，老鼠的鼻子中有多达1,000种不同的嗅觉感受器，可以推断老鼠的嗅觉很强，非常轻微的气味也能探测到，故答案为I）slight“轻微的”。 34.答案：C）indicate

详解：动词辨析题。空格位于不定式符号to之后，且空格后为从句，故推测此处应填入动词原形。该句意为，当老鼠察觉到某种气味时，它们会停下来摩擦自己的腿，以_______样本被感染了。C）indicate“表明，显示”符号句意，故为答案。

35.答案：B）examine

详解：动词辨析题。空格前为to，根据句子结构推测此处为不定式结构，空格处应填入动词原形。结合句意，实验室技术员工作应该是检测样本。Examine意思是“检测”，符合句意，故B为答案。

Section B 全文翻译：

研究发现他们可能会更广泛的研究一些意想不到的事情，而不是寻求答案。

A) 我向来都不是一个会考试的人。（44）因此，我重返大学去完成四十年前中断的学位看似有些奇怪。我在哥伦比亚大学学习，周围都是那些我还在读题而他们就已经给出口头答案的学霸们。 B) 由于无法躲避掉考试，所以我现在的问题是哪种考试是最累人也是最有益的。我已经在众多的课上期中和期末考试中挥汗如雨，（40）现在有一位教授布置课后测试。当我得知这件事的时候感到很兴奋，心想我有一整周的时间去做研究、看文章，然后把它写出来。事实上，在上交作业的当天上午我还在奋笔疾书。说我没有思路，这只是委婉的说法。

C) 就在我煎熬于一周的焦虑、绞尽脑汁地思考材料以及猜想我掌握了多少时，我在学生和教授中做了一些调查。（38）大卫·艾森在哥伦比亚大学教授一门有关美国总统的课程，很受欢迎，他更偏爱课上考试。他相信学生最终会学到更多，并且鼓励他们组成学习小组。“那样的话，他们可以在课下因历史学习而进行社交，如果没有课上考试的压力，这绝不可能发生，”他解释说。“另外，课上考试可以促使学生学到如何在压力下工作，这是一项必要的工作技能。” D) （39）他还说，课上考试的作弊几率更低。2012年的一个丑闻中，125名哈佛大学生被抓获，发现他们在一门“国会介绍”的课程所留的课后考试中作弊了。有些大学有他们所谓的“荣誉准则”，尽管如果你足够聪明考进这些学校，你要么足够聪明能避开这些准则，要么出于道德而不考虑这么做。在我整整两天都毫无头绪的时候，我突然想到关于我所处理的这个课题，我是否可以请教专家或者曾经学过这门课程的人来帮助我渡过难关。

E) 在哈佛考试作弊丑闻之后，耶鲁大学的前教导主任玛丽·米勒对她学校的教授们进行了饱含激情的呼吁，呼吁他们不要课下考试。（37）“在老师们给出没有明确时间的课后考试时，学生们牺牲了健康和幸福，以及其他的期末功课，”她告诉我。“现在研究表明，一个学期当中定期的小测试、简短的论文和其他任务都能更好的强化学习和记忆力。”

F) （43）大多数大学教授都认同他们选择的考试类型很大程度上取决于课程。比如，一门基于量化的课程，不大可能会布置课后考试，因为带回家学生可能会像哥哥和姐姐们寻求帮助。而另一方面，职业类的课程，如计算机科学或者新闻学，通常更加侧重研究，所以让学生们进行课后测试。克里斯·科克在马里兰州罗克韦尔市的蒙哥马利社区大学教授“广播新闻学历史”，他指出报道是关于调查的而不是对片刻细节的记忆。“在我的领域，不是你知道什么，而是你知道如何去发现信息，”科克说道。“有太多的信息，而且每时每刻都会有更多的信息扑面而来，这让人们很难记住。我希望我的学生能够通过使用各种资源去寻找问题的答案。”

G)（42）学生们对考试类型的偏好也不尽相同，通常取决于科目和课程的难度。巴纳德学院的一位大三学生伊丽莎白·德雷瑟说，“我更喜欢课后论文，因为这是真正关于写作的，所以你会有时间去编辑和做更多的研究。”其次，这就是压力因素。明德学院的一位大四学生费朗西斯卡·哈斯说，“我发现课上考试在短期看更有压力，但是当你疯狂的吸收所有信息后，会感到立即解脱，然后你就可以把它们全部忘掉。课后的功课则需要深思熟虑，这会带来更长时间的压力，因为没有任务完成的确切时间。”同时，埃默里大学的一个大二学生奥利维兰·鲁宾说，她从来没把课后的功课当成是考试，“如果你能够理解材料，并且能表达自己的观点，那这就是很轻而易举的事情。” H) 学生们最终会如何应对考试可能取决于他们个人的应试能力。（41）有些人总是等到最后一分钟，让事情变得比实际更难。然而，也有另外一些人不知道他们会遇到什么样的问题，也没有资源可以参考，这些人什么都不做。此外，也有我们这种稀少的人群同时符合上以上两种描述。 I) （36-1）是的，我年长的年龄在等式中起到了作用，部分是由于我无法迅速地获取信息。就像哥伦比亚大学另一位返校学习的学生凯特·马伯告诉我的一样。“我们不仅学习所有这些信息，更重要的是如何再次学习的能力。我们的同学都是刚刚从高中毕业的。（36-2）很多都和我们当时上大学时不大一样了。”

J) 说到底，这次经历让我和我读大学的儿子有了共同的话题。当我问他对这件事情的看法，是他回答说，（45）“我喜欢课上考试，因为时间已经被留出来了，不需要在家里用我的课余时间去完成考试，”他回答道。对我而言，折中的方法是在考试前一两天提前得知题目，然后在课上按照规定时间完成考试。

K) 然而，更好的是，据说亨特学院的一个教授最近在她的期末考试中做了这样的事情：她鼓励学生不要感到有压力，甚至不用学习，她承诺“这将会是一块蛋糕（很容易做到的事情）。”当学生走进教室，削好手中的铅笔后，眼前却没有任何的试卷。相反，他们看到了一个巨型巧克力蛋糕，然后每人都分得了一块。

详解详析：

36. Elderly students find it hard to keep up with [I] Yes, my advanced age must factor into the equation (等式), in the rapid changes in education. part because of my inability to access the information as quickly. As 译文：年长的学生发现很难跟上教育的快速变化。 another returning student at Columbia, Kate Marber, told me, “We 定位：由题干中的关键词Elderly students和changes in education定位到原文画线处。 are learning not only all this information, but essentially how to learn again. Our fellow students have just come out of high school. A lot has changed since we were last in school.” 详解：第一句作者提到，自己的高龄对学习产生了一定的影响，部分是由于无法快速地获取信息。该段最后一句也指出，现在的教育和作者当时上学时大不一样了。这两句话一方面说明了教育的变化，另一方面也指出偏大的年龄让适应这种变化变得困难。题干是对这两句话的概括总结，故答案为I。

37. Some believe take-home exams [E] Following the Harvard scandal, Mary Miller, the former dean of students at may affect students' performance in other Yale, made an impassioned appeal to her school’s professors to refrain from courses. take-hone exams. “Students risk health and well being, as well as performance 译文：一些人认为课后考试也许会影响in other end-of-term work, when faculty offers take-home exams without clear, 学生在其他课程上的表现。 time-limited boundaries,” she told me. “Research now shows that regular 定位：由题干中的关键词performance in quizzes, short essays, and other assignments over the course of a term better other courses定位到原文画线处。 enhance learning and retention.” 详解：E段提到，耶鲁大学的前教导主任玛丽·米勒说，在老师们给出没有明确时间的课后考试时，学生们牺牲了健康和幸福，以及其他的期末功课。题干中的Some对应原文中的Mary Miller；performance in other courses对应原文中的performance in other end-of-term work,故答案为E。

38. Certain professors believe [C] As I was suffering through my week of anxiety, overthinking the material and in-class exams are ultimately guessing my grasp of it, I did some of my own polling among students and professors. more helpful to students. 译文：一些教授认为课上考试最终会对学生更有帮助。 定位：由题干中的关键词in-class exams和ultimately定位到原文画线处。 David Eisenbach, who teaches a popular class on U.S. presidents at Columbia, prefers the in-class variety. He believes students ultimately learn more and encourages them to form study groups. “That way they socialize over history outside the class, which wouldn’t happen without the pressure of an in-class exam,” he explained, “Furthermore, in-class exams force students to learn how to perform under pressure, and essential work skill.” 详解：定位句指出，哥伦比亚大学的教授大卫·艾森更偏爱课上考试，他相信学生最终会学到更多，并且鼓励他们组成学习小组。题干中的are ultimately more helpful to students对应原文中的students ultimately learn more，故答案为C。

39. In-class exams are [D] He also says there is less chance of cheating with the in-class variety. In 2012, 125 believed to discourage students at Harvard were caught up in a scandal when it was discovered they had cheated on cheating in exams. a take-home exam for a class entitled “Introduction To Congress.” Some colleges have what 译文：课上考试被认为能阻止考试作弊行为。 定位：由题干中的关键词In-class exams和cheating定位到原文画线处。 cheating,故答案为D。 40. The author was happy to learn [B] Since there is no way for me to avoid exams, I am currently questioning what she could do some exams at home. kind are the most taxing and ultimately beneficial. I have already sweated through 译文：作者知道她能回家考试时非常开心。 定位：由题干中的关键词happy和do some exams at home.定位到原文画线处。 numerous in-class midterms and finals, and now I have a professor who issues take-home ones. I was excited when I learned this, figuring I had a full week to do the research, read the texts, and write it all up. In fact, I was still rewriting my midterm the morning it was due. To say I had lost the thread is putting it mildly. they call an “honor code,” though if you are smart enough to get into these schools, you are either smart enough to get around any codes or hopefully, too ethical to consider doing so. As I sat blocked and clueless for two solid days, I momentarily wondered if I couldn’t just call an expert on the subject matter which I was tackling, or someone who took the class previously, to get me going. 详解：D段第一句指出，课上考试的作弊几率更低。题干中的discourage cheating对应定位句中的less chance of 详解：句中提到，当作者得知一位教授布置课后考试任务时，她感到很兴奋。题干中的happy对应原文中的excited，故答案为B。

41. Students who put off their work until the [H] How students ultimately handle stress may depend on their personal last moment often find the exams more difficult test-taking abilities. There are people who always wait until the last than they actually are. minute, and make it much harder than it needs to be. And then there 译文：那些把功课留到最后一刻才做的学生往往会感觉考试比实际更难。 定位：由题干中的关键词until the last moment和more difficult定位到原文画线处。 those who, not knowing what questions are coming at them, and having no resources to refer to, can freeze. And then there are we rare folks who fit both those descriptions. 详解：H段提到，学生们最终会如何应对考试可能取决于他们个人的应试能力。有些人总是等到最后一分钟，让事情变得比实际更困难。题干中的the last moment是定位句中the last minute的同义转述；题干中的find the exams more difficult对应原文中的make it much harder，故答案为H。 42. Different students [G] Students’ test-form preferences vary, too, often depending on the subject and course may prefer different types difficulty. “I prefer take-home essays because it is then really about the writing, so you have of exams. 译文：不同的学生可能偏好不同的考试类型。 定位：由题干中的关键词prefer和types of exams定位到原文画线处。 time to edit and do more research,” says Elizabeth Dresser, a junior at Barnard. Then there is the stress factor. Francesca Haass, a senior at Middlebury, says, “I find the in-class ones are more stressful in the short term, but there is immediate relief as you swallow information like mad, and then you get to forget it all. Take-homes require thoughtful engagement which can lead to longer term stress as there is never a moment when the time is up.” Meanwhile, Olivia Rubin, a sophomore at Emory, says she hardly even considers take-homes true exams. “If you understand the material and have the ability to articulate (说出) your thoughts, they should be a breeze.” 详解：G段第一句指出，学生们对考试类型的偏好也不尽相同，通常取决于科目和课程的难度。题干中的different对应原文中的wary；prefer对应原文中的preferences，故答案为G。

43. Most professors agree [F] Most college professors agree the kind of exam they choose largely depends on the whether to give an in-class or subject. A quantitative-based one, for example, is unlikely to be sent home, where one a take-home exam depends on could ask their older brothers and sisters to help. Vocational-type classes, such as computer type of course being taught. science or journalism, on the other hand, are often more research-oriented and lend 译文：大多数教授都认同是课上考试还是课后考试取决于所教授的课程的类型。 定位：由题干中的关键词Most professors agree和depends on定位到原文画线处。 themselves to take-home testing. Chris Koch, who teaches “History of Broadcast Journalism” at Montgomery Community College in Rockville, Maryland, points out that reporting is about investigation rather than the memorization of minute details. “In my field, it’s not what you know—it’s what you know how to find out,” says Koch. “There is way too much information, and more coming all the time, for anyone to remember. I want my students to search out the answers to questions by using all the resources available to them. 详解：F段首句指出，大多数大学教授都认同他们选择的考试类型很大程度上取决与课程。题干中提到的课上考试和课后考试就是这里指的考试类型，题干中的the type of course being taught对应原文中的the subject，故答案为F。 44. The author dropped out of college some forty [A] I have always been a poor test-taker. So it may seem rather years ago. 译文：作者大约四十年前从大学辍学了。 strange that I have returned to college to finish the degree I left undone some four decades ago. I am making my way through 定位：由题干中的关键词college和some forty years Columbia University, surrounded by students who quickly supply ago定位到原文画线处。 the verbal answer while I am still processing the question. 详解：A段提到，作者重返大学去完成四十年前中断的学位，说明其四十年前从大学辍学了。题干是对定位句的同义转述，故答案为A。

45. Some students think take-home exams [J] If nothing else, the situation has given my college son and me will eat up their free time. 译文：一些学生认为课后考试会占用自己的业余时间。 定位：由题干中的关键词take-home exams和free time定位到原文画线处。 something to share, When I asked his opinion on this matter, he responded, “I like in-class exams because the time is already reserved, as opposed to using my free time at home to work on a test,” he responded. It seems to me that a compromise would be receiving the exam questions a day or two in advance, and then doing the actual test in class the ticking clock overhead. 详解：J段提到，当作者问儿子关于考试类型这一话题时，儿子表示他喜欢课上考试，因为时间已经被留出来了，不需要在家里用课余时间去完成考试。题干中的eat up是对定位句中using的同义转述，故答案为J。

Section C

Passage One

全文翻译： 在陌生的环境里，睡在一张不同的床上，人们通常会无法入眠，这种现象被称为“初夜效应”。如果接着的第二天睡在同一个房间中，人们往往会睡得更香甜。布朗大学的尤佳·佐木和她的同事们开始探寻这一效应的起源。

佐木博士认为初夜效应很有可能和人类的进化方式有关。（46）问题是初夜效应可能会导致第二天表现不佳，那它又能带来什么好处呢？（47）她还从之前对鸟类和海豚的研究工作中得知，这些动物每次睡觉时都让它们的半边大脑处于睡眠中，这样它们能够一边保持对捕食者的警觉，一边休息。这让她猜想人类是否也会做同样的事。为了更深入的研究，她的团队观察了35位健康的人在布朗大学心理科学系这一陌生环境的睡眠状态。（48）每个参与者分别在系里睡两夜，并通过技术手段仔细的监控观察他们大脑的活动情况。正如所料，佐木博士发现，这些参与者们第一晚没有第二晚睡得好，用了两倍的时间入睡，并且整体睡眠时间更少。在深度睡眠阶段，参与者的大脑和鸟类与海豚处于类似的情况。仅在第一晚，他们的大脑的左半球完全没有右半球睡的沉。

大脑左半球是否真的保持清醒，以处理从周围环境中探测到的信息，这令佐木博士感到好奇，（49）因此她又做了一次实验，这一次，她将定时响起且音调不变的蜂鸣声和随时响起且音调各异的蜂鸣声混杂在一起，播放给睡眠中的参与者听。她发现，（50）如果大脑左半球在陌生的环境中为了防卫而保持警觉，那么它会对这种不规律的蜂鸣声有所反应，从而把睡眠中的人弄醒，但是会忽略定时响起且音调不变的蜂鸣声。这正是她的发现。 详解详析：

46. 答案：D

定位：由题干中的puzzling和first-night effect定位到第二段第二句：The puzzle was what benefit would be gained from it when performance might be affected the following day.

详解：实施细节题。文章第二段开头指出，佐木博士认为初夜效应很有可能和人类的进化方式有关。但令她感到困惑的是，初夜效应可能会导致第二天表现不佳，那它又能带来什么好处呢？也就是初夜效应能产生怎样的好处，故答案为D。 47. 答案：C

定位：由题干中的Dr. Yuka Sasaki和her research定位到第二段第三、四句：She also knew from previous work conducted on birds and dolphins that these animals put half of their brains to sleep at a time so that they can rest while remaining alert enough to avoid predators (捕食者). This led her to wonder if people might be doing the same thing. 详解：实施细节题。定位句指出，佐木博士从之前对鸟类和海豚的研究工作中对初夜效应得到了一些相关的结论，并猜想人类是否也是这样，故答案为C。

48. 答案：A 定位：由题干中的Dr. Sasaki和first…experiment定位到第二段第六句：The participants each slept in the department for two nights and were carefully monitored with techniques that looked at the activity of their brains.

详解：实施细节题。定位句指出，佐木博士让参与者分别在系里睡两夜，并通过技术手段仔细地监控观察他们大脑的活动情况，故答案为A。

49. 答案：C

定位：由题干中的Dr. Sasaki和re-running her experiment定位到第三段第一句：…Dr. Sasaki re-ran the experiment while presenting the sleeping participants with a mix of regularly timed beeps (蜂鸣声) of the same tone and irregular beeps of a different tone during the night.

详解：推理判断题。文中第三段第一句指出，佐木博士在新的试验中将定时响起且音调不变的蜂鸣声和随时响起且音调各异的蜂鸣声混杂在一起，播放给睡眠中的参与者听。由此可知，参与者接受了两种不同的声音刺激。故答案为C。

50. 答案：B

定位：由题干中的Dr. Sasaki find about the participants定位到第三段第二句：She worked out that, if the left hemisphere was staying alert to keep guard in a strange environment, then it would react to the irregular beeps by stirring people from sleep and would ignore the regularly timed ones.

详解：推理判断题。定位句指出，如果大脑左半球在陌生的环境中为了防卫而保持警觉，那么它会对这种不规律的蜂鸣声有所反应，从而把睡眠中的人弄醒。也就是说，这些实验参与者把这种不规律的蜂鸣声当作某种威胁从

而影响睡眠，故答案为B。

Passage Two 全文翻译： 是时候重新评估一下女性是如何在工作中处理冲突的。（51）在家庭和工作中过度劳累或承担过多都不会让你得到你想要的生活。这只会让你减速，并且妨碍你的职业目标。

你知道女性要比男性更容易感到疲惫吗？根据最新的一项研究，18岁至44岁的人之中，比男性多出两倍的女性总感到“非常累”或“精疲力歇”。

（52）考虑到这正是女性生养孩子的年龄段，所以这一结论可能并不会让人感到惊讶。这同样也是许多女性试图平衡事业和家庭的年龄段。女性感到疲惫的一个原因可能是他们很难说“不”。女性们想要无所不能——志愿服务于学校的派对或是做出美味的餐食——因此她们对任何要求的应答通常都是“是的，我可以。”

出于类似的原因，女性在职场也很难说“不”，包括她们希望被同事们喜爱。（53）不幸的是，这种无法说“不”的行为会伤害女性的健康和事业。

在工作中，男性会借助冲突来表明自己的立场，而女性则往往避免冲突或努力成为和事佬，因为她们不想在工作中被别人认为具有攻击性或破坏性。比如，有一个急需解决的问题，导致了谁应该来解决它的争议。（54）男性往往会站在最为利己的角度去面对这种争议，而女性在面对这同一问题时则会站在最简单、最快捷的方式去解决问题的角度——即使这意味着她们自己要做无聊的工作

这种对待冲突的不同方式可能会成为谁被晋升领导职位而谁又不被晋升的决定因素。（55）领导们需要有能力明智的委派或管理资源——包括员工的技能。承担更多的工作量并不会给你挣得升职。相反，这只会突显你没有能力有效的委派任务。 详解详析： 51. 答案：D

定位：由题干中的the problem with women定位到第一段第二、三句：Being overworked or over-committed at home and on the job will not get you where you want to be in life. It will only slow you down and hinder your career goals. 详解：推理判断题。文中第一段第二、三句指出，在家庭和工作中过度劳累或承担过多只会让女性减速，并且妨碍其职业目标。这两种“过度”可以推断为女性承担超出自己能力范围的任务，故答案为D。 52. 答案：A

定位：由题干中的child-bearing age和feel drained of energy定位到第三段第一、二句：This may not be surprising given that this is the age range when women have children. It's also the age range when many women are trying to balance careers and home.

详解：推理判断题。文中第三段第一、二句提到，18岁至44岁是女性生养孩子的年龄段，同时也是女性努力平衡事业和家庭的阶段。结合上段内容可知，这一年龄段的女性尤其容易感到疲惫。因此，该年龄段的女性容易感到疲惫的原因是要生养孩子，并且需要兼顾工作和家庭，故答案为A。 53. 答案：A

定位：由题干中的hinder和career women定位到第四段第二句：Unfortunately, this inability to say \"no\" may be hurting women's heath as well as their career.

详解：实施细节题。第四段第二句提到，这种无法说“不”的行为会伤害女性的健康和事业，即会妨碍女性的事业，故答案为A。 54. 答案：C

定位：由题干中的differ和resolving workplace conflicts定位到第五段最后一句：Men are more likely to face that dispute from the perspective of what benefits them most, whereas women may approach the same dispute from the perspective of what's the easiest and quickest way to resolve the problem…

详解：实施细节题。文章第五段最后一句提到，男性往往会站在最为利己的角度去面对冲突，即将自身利益放在第一位，故答案为C。

55. 答案：B

定位：由题干中的important和a good leader定位到第六段第二句：Leaders have to be able to delegate and manage resources wisely – including staff expertise.

详解：推理判断题。第六段第二句提到，领导们需要有能力明智地委派或管理资源，也就是要有委派职责的能力，故答案为B。

Part Ⅳ Translation

此次考三山，泰山因为世人皆知，所以可说的内容较多，故写出的中文，从翻译的角度上，要稍难于其它两山，但也只是稍微而矣。

词汇方面：海拔，方圆，雄伟壮观，朝拜，帝王，灵感，游览，古迹，这些词都需要仔细体会才能译得恰到好处。其中一部分是之前真题出现过的词。而像海拔、方圆这样的词，仔细体会就会发现写的是高度和面积，并不难。 语法方面：定语从句，并列句，时态，被动。像不但……而且这样的中文，英文可以考虑直接对应到not only…but also。时态方面，考的点也很细腻，“过去3000多年”仔细体会发现可用现在完成时，也可以用一般过去时。一个“曾”字也是时态转换的标志。 易错的地方：多个定语的前置后置及排序;多个短句中间的连接和逻辑，如本文第2句，三个小短句，若不断句，就要考虑如何巧妙地连接起来。

泰山位于山东省西部。海拔1500余米，方圆约400平方公里。泰山不仅雄伟壮观，而且是一座历史文化名山，过去3000多年一直是人们前往朝拜的地方。据记载，共有72位帝王曾来此游览。许多作家到泰山获取灵感，写诗作文。艺术家也来此画画。山上因此留下了许许多多的文物古迹。泰山如今已成为中国一处主要的旅游景点。 参考译文一

Mount Tai is situated in the western Shandong Province at a height of about 1500 meters with a coverage of about 400 square kilometers. Mount Tai is not only magnificent in landscape but also is a famous historical and cultural mountain, which was a place of worship in the past 3000 years. According to the record, a total of 72 emperors came visiting the Mount Tai. And many writers came to it for inspiration for their poems and writings and artists for their paintings. Therefore, there left a lot of cultural relics. Now Mount Tai has become one of the main scenic spots in China 参考译文二

Mount Tai is located in the western part of Shandong Province. It has a height of more than 1,500 meters and covers an area of about 400 square kilometres. Mount Tai is a majestic mountain with historical and cultural significance. It has been a place of worship for at least 3,000 years. It is recorded that 72 emperors had visited it. Writers came to seek inspiration for poems and essays and artists for painting. Therefore, a great many ancient records and relics were left there. Mount Tai has now become a principal tourist site in China.

参考译文三

Mountain Tai , 2,700 m above sea level and 400 square kilometers, which is located in the western part of China. It enjoys not only the magnificent sight, but the high reputation for its historical culture. Mountain Tai is a place of worship for pilgrims for 3,000 thousand years.

According to the record, it was visited by 72 emperors in total. Many writers obtain inspiration and compose poems and compositions by visiting Mountain Tai. Besides, artists also draw paintings here. Consequently, there are a lot of cultural relics and historic sites. Nowadays, Mountain Tai has become one of the most well-known tourist attractions in China.