大学英语四级考试听力应试策略

题型总述

按照《大学英语课程教学要求（试行）》中的要求，达到四级听力水平应做到：能听懂英语授课；能听懂日常谈话和一般性题材讲座；能基本听懂慢速英语节目，语速为每分钟130个词左右，能掌握其中心大意，抓住要点；能运用基本的听力技巧帮助理解。

听力对话占15%，包括短对话和长对话，测试题型为多项选择；听力短文占20%，包括选择题型的短文理解和复合式听写。 改革后新题型的听力材料具有以下四个特征：

1. 短对话是日常生活中的一般对话，包括衣、食、住、行、工作、学习等

话题。

2. 长对话的内容与短对话部分一样涉及日常生活中的许多方面。设问方式与短文理解一样，或者针对主旨大意提问，或者针对具体细节或推理判断的结果提问。

3. 短文理解的内容主要是题材熟悉、情节不太复杂的故事、讲话、叙述等。主要考查考生对文章大意、中心思想、重要细节的理解能力以及对某些细节做出联想、判断等的能力。

4. 复合式听写是为了能够客观地检测考生的听力水平而设计的，旨在测试考生的理解能力和一定的书面表达能力。

由于听力题材广泛、真实，其测试目的主要是针对考生的实际应用能力，所以该部分如何有效地获取较好的成绩对于考生整体的得分情况至关重要。

考生应注意以下应试策略： 听前

安定情绪，集中精力：听之前（或发卷时）要安定情绪，集中精神，做一点放松活动（比如数数、深呼吸、闭目片刻、整理试卷等），以便轻松、愉快、主动地进入答题状态。 浏览选项，获取信息：考生应当充分利用听力考试正式开始前2分钟的时间或者放Directions的时间，将选项浏览一遍。在浏览时，注意题干中的关键信息以及答案选项中重复出现的信息。根据题干中的信息，预测语境、大意、人物身份等可能涉及的内容。 听中

捕捉信息，速记要点：听录音时，注意力要集中在整体内容的理解上，重在听懂每句话的意思和内涵，同时要特别关注与所设置的问题相关的信息。听不清时马上放弃，要把重点放在听关键词即实词上，一边听一边把要点及回答问题的关键词记下来。

抓住问题，优化信息：对自己有把握的试题快速作答；对无把握的试题也要在所听信息的基础上排除错误选项，果断处理；不会作答的，立即暂时搁置，准备听新的题目。

保持自信，沉着应战：在听录音过程中，要耳眼并用，耳听录音信息，眼观选择项，边听边做记录。遇到不会答的难题，果断放弃，猜一个答案，然后集中精力做下一道题。

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听后

连贯记忆，前后联系：听录音时，既要不断输入、理解、存贮信息，又要不中断听的过程；既要集中精力听，又要注意用心记，把握说话者的思路，捕捉信号词，连贯记忆主要信息。听完试题后要前后联系，利用后面听到的信息补充前面漏听或有疑问的信息，并对听前、听中的预测、判断加以推理、分析、修正，使理解的准确度更高。

第一章 短 对 话

考纲扫描

短对话部分的特点是：每组对话是在一男一女之间进行的一问一答；问题一般由先讲话的人提出；题目均以问句形式出现，其中多数是特殊疑问句。短对话部分共有8组对话，只听一遍，每题间隔15秒。其考查的内容包括语音语调方面、转折引起的作者态度及谈论重点的变化、对现象的原因的阐述与补充、反问句式和反意疑问句式以及建议句型等方面。这些问题涉及的内容大致可以分为以下几类：时间数字题、人物身份题、地点方向题、转折题、请求与建议题、观点态度题、行为方式题以及推理题等。

解题点拨

1. 时间数字题

涉及数字和时间的考试题型特点鲜明，备选项常由简短的数字短语组成，考生可做到一目了然、提早准备。这类题型要求考生在听题的过程中获取相关的数字信息，或对数字、时间表达做出准确辨别，或根据题意对已获得的时间、数字进行简单的加、减、乘、除运算，就比率和倍数关系进行换算。这类分析和计算都很简单，稍加训练这部分一般应当不会失分。

在做准备训练时，考生应注意以下几方面内容： 首先，可就数字和时间的表达进行突击训练，提高对各种表达的反应敏捷程度，其中包括：区别相近发音；多位数整数的表达；分数的表达；序数词的表达；时间的表达，如3∶15读作a quarter past three或three fifteen,5∶45读作a quarter to six，7∶30读作half past seven或seven thirty等；年、月、日的表达；电话号码的表达，如415509读作four one double five zero nine；价格的表达，如$49.99读作forty-nine point ninety-nine dollars；航班号的表达，如Flight 709读作Flight seven／ou／nine；一些数字代用词的表达，如a dozen，score，monthly，weekly，decade，century等。

其次，涉及运算、换算或比较的时候，有一些常见的提示词，如as much as，as long as，half，twice，double，three times，more, less, no more than，no less than，slow，late，early，before，after，not…until等。

在听题时，对话中提到的相关数字应以阿拉伯数字迅速记下来，以备进一步进行运算或从中直接选出正确答案。 时间数字题型常见的提问形式有： How much／many…? How far／long…? What time…?

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When…? When will…?

How long will the man do? 【真题分析】

A) The 2∶00 train will arrive earlier. B) The 2∶30 train has a dining car.

C) The woman prefers to take the 2∶30 train.

D) They are going to have some fast food on the train.

M: There is a non-stop train for Washington and it leaves at 2∶30.

W: It’s faster than the 2 o’clock train. Besides, we can have something to eat before getting on the train.

Q: What do we learn from the conversation? (06,1)

考生在听力前，就应迅速浏览一下四个选项，明确此题与时间有关，做到心中有数。听力中应对听到的时间表达作记录，并快速理解与时间有关的内容。不难确定正确答案为C。 2. 人物身份题

在这类对话中，由于说话人之间的关系不同，其用词、造句、语气都有区别。这是听录音时要抓的关键之一，在此基础上再捕捉有关信息，然后判断、推测人物之间的关系及其身份。这类题比较简单，考生只要抓住那些与职业和身份有关的关键词即可回答。这类题目与询问地点的考题有类似之处。 常见的提问形式有： Who is the man/woman?

What is the man’s／woman’s job／profession／occupation? What is the probable relationship between the two speakers? Who is the man／woman most probably speaking to?

考题中常涉及的职业或人物身份关系及相关信息词有：

老师和学生(teacher and student)：grade, mark, score, term, course, assignment, pass,fail,scholarship,tuition,campus,dormitory,lab,experiment,etc. 医生和病人(doctor and patient)：fever, cough, cold, headache, injection, prescription, diagnose, temperature, medicine, blood pressure, heart disease, flu, surgery, etc.

侍者和顾客(waiter／waitress and customer)：menu, order, reserve, steak, ham, salad, soup,coffee,juice,hamburger,sandwiches,buffet,bar,brandy,whisky,dessert,tip,etc. 司机和乘客(driver and passenger)：taxi, fare, get off, change, tip, destination, etc. 老板和秘书(boss and secretary)：typing, operating, copy, files, document, report, telephone, appointment, timetable, arrangement,etc. 【真题分析】

A) Teacher and student. B) Doctor and patient.

C) Manager and office worker. D) Travel agent and customer.

W: Mr. Watson, I wonder whether it’s possible for me to take a vacation early next month.

M: Did you fill out a request form?

Q: What is the probable relationship between the two speakers? (05, 6)

这组对话中，女士问“华森先生，下月初我可以去度假吗？”男士反问道 “你填了申请表了吗？”这样就不难推断出，他们俩之间是上司和下属之间的关系，

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所以答案是C。 3. 地点方向题

这种类型的考题主要考查学生对对话地点及人物去向的判断。其中既有直接提问的，也有间接提问的。 常见的提问形式有：

Where does the conversation probably take place? Where is the woman going? Where are the two speakers?

在这类考题中，选项大部分是表示地点场所的名词，同时需注意这些名词前的介词，如in a bank，in a dining-room，at the airport，at home，on the desk，on the floor等，因为这些介词对判断场所非常有帮助。另外，考生应集中注意力去捕捉那些“关键词”，抓住了关键词，做题就容易多了。以下是一些常考的地点及相关词，也就是刚才提及的“关键词”，需重点记忆：

学校(school)：required course, elective course, quiz, professor, thesis, make-up, credits,master,dormitory,department,lecture,essay,bookshelf,application form, entrance.

旅馆(hotel)：reception, book, reservation, tip, check in, single room, double room. 饭店(restaurant)、酒吧(bar)：menu,bill,drink,dessert,soup,steak,beer,appetizer,barbecue,cheese,cream,roast,beer,drink,wine,cafeteria,dining,saloon（酒吧间; 酒店）,pub, snack, bar, recipe.

商店(department store)：supermarket, dress, color, style, fashion, price, bargain, reasonable. 医疗(medical treatment)：doctor,nurse,patient,surgery,operation,medicine,dose,pill,temperature,headache,sore throat, bad cold, fever, cough, stomachache, heart disease, cancer. 火车(railway)、汽车(motor)、飞机(airplane)等交通设施：platform, traffic jam, airport, arrival time, departure, ticket agent, take off, board, land, flight, airlines, freight, passport, visa. 【真题分析】

A) At a publishing house. B) In a bookstore.

C) In a reading room. D) In Prof. Jordan’s office

M: Excuse me，I am looking for the textbook by a Professor Jordon for the marketing course.

W: I am afraid it’s out of stock. You’ll have to order it. And it will take the publisher 3 weeks to send it to us.

Q: Where did this conversation most probably take place? (06, 1)

这组对话中，男士说“我在寻找乔丹教授编的关于营销课程的课本”，而女士说“我很抱歉那本书已脱销。你得预订，出版商需要三周时间才能发送给我们。”不难推测对话发生在书店，正确答案是B。 4. 转折题

这种题型出现的频率很高，2005年6月的短对话中就有2个这种题型。其特征是： 第一个说话人所说的不是十分重要；第二个说话人的答话由两部分组成：先是一个简单的短句，紧接着是一个较长的句子，短句与长句之间常用but, though, however等转折意思的词语连接，从而引起的作者态度及谈论重点的变

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化。如2005年6月第1题：

A） The man hates to lend his tools to other people. B） The man hasn’t finished working on the bookshelf. C） The tools have already been returned to the woman.

D） The tools the man borrowed from the woman are missing.

W: Simon, oh, well, could you return the tools I lend you for building the bookshelf

last month?

M: Oh, I hate to tell you this…but I can’t seem to find them. Q： What do we learn from the conversation?

对话先前部分女人的语言中虽然相当复杂，包括要求返还、返还物品、租借理由、时间等复杂信息，但这些却都没有成为考点，而是选择了男士那句简单回答中的转折后的中心内容作为考点。这句话可以认为是：“I’d love to, but…”的一个变体。其后面所接部分不仅是转折后的内容，而且往往又是一个原因的体现，这也是四级考试中的重点之一。本题中的“I can’t seem to find them”无非就是无法返还物品的一个理由罢了。由此不难推断出正确答案是D。

考生在做这种题时一定要紧紧抓住转折词后面的句子的意思。这样，正确答案很容易找到，因为干扰项几乎总是由第一个人的话或第二个人的第一句话的用词和意义引申变化而来，而转折词使得其前后句子的意思差别和用词差别相当显著。

5. 请求与建议题

这类题型主要涉及的是动作，它的题量一般占对话部分的20%~30%，比重非常大。其特点是：说话人中的一方提供某种帮助或提出某种请求，另一方做出肯定或否定的反应，或一方提出某种想法与建议，而另一方对此做出反应。这类考题重点考查考生对建议或请求句型的掌握和对谈话者语气表达的理解。 表示请求或建议的常用句式有： Will／Would／Can／Could you…? Would you mind…? I wonder if… Shall we…? Why not…? You’d better…

What／How about…? 常见的提问方式有：

What did the man／woman suggest? What did the man／woman want?

What did the man ask the woman to do? What did the man offer the woman? What is the man’s／woman’s advice? 【真题分析】

A) See a doctor. B) Stay in bed for a few days. C) Get treatment in a better hospital. D) Make a phone call to the doctor.

W: Carol told us on the phone not to worry about her. Her left leg doesn’t hurt as much as it did yesterday.

M: She’d better have it examined by a doctor anyway. And I will call her about it this

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evening.

Q: What does the man think Carol should do? (06, 1)

根据对话可知男士认为：无论如何，她最好还是让医生检查一下。所以答案是A。这里应注意表示建议的表达，she’d better…意思是“她最好……”。 6. 观点态度题

对话中对话者对他们谈论的人或事持什么观点或态度往往含而不露，考生只有根据对话内容的关键词、上下文甚至语气、语调的内涵意义并利用逻辑思维能力进行判断，才能对传递的信息进行比较深层次的理解。具体表达观点、态度时，可能出现的模式有：间接表达式，不明说赞成或反对；反问否定式，常委婉地表示置疑和反对；委婉谢绝式，先表示肯定、赞成、谢意等，随后说出真实看法；看似否定实为肯定式，如why not，I can’t agree any more等。 常见的提问方式有：

How does the man／woman feel about…? What does the man／woman think of…? What does the man／woman say about…? What does the man／woman mean? 【真题分析】

A) The man is fond of traveling. B) The woman is a photographer.

C) The woman took a lot of pictures at the contest. D) The man admires the woman’s talent in writing.

W: I won a first prize in the National Writing Contest and I got this camera as an award.

M: It’s a good camera! You can take it when you travel. I had no idea you were a marvelous writer.

Q: What do we learn from the conversation?(07，6)

本组对话中，女士先说自己在全国写作比赛中获了一等奖，奖品是一台照相机。男士说相机不错，你旅游的时候可以带着它，最后说，“我不知道你原来还是个很棒的作家啊”。在四个选项中，D项的“The man admires the woman’s talent in writing.”与男士最后的赞叹吻合。 7. 行为方式题

行为方式指做事或完成行为的方式和手段。这类题有的能直接听到答案，但是更多的需要一定的分析与思考，考生需注意捕捉关键词，对行为的执行者、承受者、执行的方式等特别留意，然后做出正确的判断。 常见的提问方式有：

What is the man／woman going to do?

What will the man／woman most probably do? What did the man／woman do…? What is the man／woman doing? How did the man／woman get there? How did the man/woman know it?

How did the man/woman respond to…? 【真题分析】

A) To the dentist’s. C) To the post office.

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B) To the market. D) To the bookstore.

M: Can you stop by the post office and get me some envelopes and 39 cents stamps?

W: Well, I am not going to stop by the post office, but I can buy you some at the bookstore after I see the dentist on Market street. Q: Where will the woman go first? (06，6)

这组对话中，判断女士首先要去哪里，女士说“我可以在看过牙医之后到书店里给你买邮票”，可见她既不去市场，也不去书店，而是先去看牙医，正确答案是A。 8. 推理题

这类对话题出现的频率很高，问题的答案在对话中没有直接提供。要求考生把谈话中提供的细节作为前提，进行一定的逻辑推理才能找到答案，或根据提供的细节进行归纳得出结论。 常见的提问方式有：

What does the man/woman imply?

What can be inferred from the conversation?

What do we learn about the man/woman/conversation? 【真题分析】

A) She seldom reads books from cover to cover. B) She is interested in reading novels. C) She read only part of the book.

D) She was eager to know what the book was about.

M: Hi, Susan! Have you finished reading the book Professor Johnson recommended? W: Oh, I haven’t read it through the way I read a novel. I just read a few chapters which interested me.

Q: What does the woman mean?(07，6)

女士说她读这本书不像读小说那样，她只读感兴趣的几章。可以推测，她只读了书的一部分，正确答案是C。解答这类题目首先要弄清楚各个事情之间的内在联系，以及事情之间的相互影响，从而推断出谈话的言外之意。

高分必备

一、 重难点词汇检索

apartment n. 公寓住宅，单元住宅 ask for an leave for 请假 attend v. 参加，出席 bookstore n. 书店 case n. 案件 cheat v. 作弊 citizen n. 公民 client n. 委托人 colleague n. 同事 consultant n. 顾问 dramatic adj. 巨大的，戏剧性的 draw from 从中得出 easy-going adj. 随和的，易相处 entrance n. 入口

fare n. 车费 figure out 弄明白，搞清楚 fill in a form 填单子 final exam 期末考试 furniture n. 家具 hurry up 快点，加速 get off 下车 imply v. 暗示

in a hurry 匆忙 in charge 负责，掌管

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indifferent adj. 漠不关心 intern n. 实习生

in that case 那样的话 in the long run 长远角度 inflammation n. 炎症 letter of application 申请信 light-blue adj. 浅蓝色 next to 旁边，紧靠

manufacture v. 生产，制作 mind one’s business 管闲事 open an account 开账户 on discount 折扣价格 on sale 减价出售 opposite adj. 相反的 park v. 停靠，停泊 part-time job 兼职 plumber n. 管道工 post a letter 寄信 prescription n. 处方 quit smoking 戒烟 regular-priced adj. 正常价格 rent v. 出租

run out 用完 schoolmate n. 校友 settlement n. 解决方式，裁决 spare time 业余时间 Students’ Union 学生会 supermarket n. 超市 summer vacation 暑假 sympathize v. 同情 tablet n. 片剂 take place 发生

thesis n. 论文 thorough check-up 全面检查 toll n. 费用 working experience 工作经验 weather forecast 天气预报 withdraw v. 提取 vacationer n. 度假者 二、 难句选译

Attention, please, Professor Smith wants us to hand in a paper on psychology by Monday morning. 请注意，史密斯教授要求我们周一早晨交心理学论文。

But he only agreed to take the post if they’ll allow him to make all the decisions himself.除非他们让他自己做出所有决定，他才会同意担任这个职位。

But unfortunately we don’t have the medium size now.很抱歉，我们现在没有中号的。

Can’t you knock on the door before you enter my office next time? 下一次你进我的办公室之前能不能先敲一下门?

Dr. Smith went on the one-week vacation in Mexico and on his way back he will be staying in California for 5 days. 史密斯博士去墨西哥度假去了，时间为一周，返回途中他将在加利福尼亚呆上五天。

I’d like to buy a handbag, but I’m not sure of the color.我想买个手提包，但不知道买哪种颜色。

I’d like to make an appointment to see Dr. Smith tomorrow. 我想明天约见史密斯博士。

If I were you, I would change the beginning. 我要是你，就会改改开头。 I would rather have not spent the time and energy. 我宁愿没有花时间和精力（去听音乐会）。

I’m afraid I didn’t catch what Dr. Brown was saying just now.恐怕我没有听懂布朗博士刚才说的话。

I’m sorry, nobody by the name works here. 很抱歉，在这儿工作的人中，没有叫这个名字的。

I wonder if there is a single room available? 我想问一下这有没有单人间？

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She was applying for a student loan.玛丽在申请学生贷款。

Steve has taken two part-time jobs but he has decided to drop one of them at the end of this month. 斯蒂夫做了两份兼职，不过他已经决定月末辞去一份。

They must have confused me with somebody else.他们一定是把我和别人弄混了。

Oh, I’m afraid you have just missed the last one which left five minutes ago. 我想你刚刚错过了最后一班公共汽车，它在五分钟前刚刚离开。

Only one has finished ahead of you.在你前面完成的就只有一个人呀。

Well, according to the forecast that I heard, you should take your raincoat or umbrella with you.

根据我听到的天气预报，你应该带好伞或雨衣。

You have missed it, sir. 先生，你赶不上这趟车了。

Your dorm always looks so neat, so spotless and mine is such a mess.你的宿舍总是那么干净、一尘不染，而我的宿舍则乱七八糟的。 三、 知识拓展 1. 语调

语调是人们表达情感的重要手段之一，用不同的语调可以表达不同的含义以及说话人的各种态度和情绪。在听力理解尤其是简短会话中，许多重要信息要通过语调的升降来传递。同样的句子如果说话人的语调不同，所传递的信息可能会截然相反。 例如：

Just bread for the lunch．

句末如果用降调，表示肯定；如果用升调，则可能表示怀疑，也可能表示不满等等。

下列情况一般使用升调：一般疑问句、反意疑问句的后半部分、选择疑问句的前部分、列举事物。

下列情况一般使用降调：陈述句、特殊疑问句、祈使句、选择疑问句的后部分。

另外，当陈述句使用升调时，用来表达不确定、疑惑、安慰、抱歉、为力、轻蔑、不在乎、不耐烦等情绪；位于句首的状语和主句之前的状语从句使用升调；祈使句如使用升调，则是表示委婉而礼貌的叮嘱、吩咐、请求等；反意疑问句中的后半部分使用降调时，用以表示对自己的陈述较有把握或用来加强语气。考生在平时训练的过程中，熟练掌握了常见语调的使用规律之后，更应该注意特殊情况的出现，以求更灵活地把握听力语言。 例如：

He has failed the final exam．升调表示怀疑。 He has failed the final exam．降调表示肯定。 又如：

It is a boring lecture，isn’t it?降调表示坚信自己的观点并指望得到肯定的回答。

Have a drink．升调表示邀请。 2. 语法知识的准备

词汇是语言交流的最基本因素，语法则是运用语言的规则。多种常用的句子结构，尤其是句子的转折、否定的各种形式、虚拟语气等等语法要素，都是考生

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在平时训练的时候尤其应当加强的地方。 （1） 句型结构

在进行听力训练的过程中，常常会提到语感的培养和用英语进行思考的能力。要想进入这种境界，对语法和常见句型的熟练掌握是必不可少的。例如：There is no point in asking him for advice．同义于It’s no use asking him for advice. 两句话中，短语there is no point in doing something和it’s no use doing something意思相同。

（2） 让步与转折

在带有让步状语从句的句子中，主句的状态或事实结果与从句所陈述的状态或事实结果恰好相反，违背了正常的推理或常识，因此在听力理解测试中，这个语法点常成为考查的重点。考生在进行这方面的训练时，首先应迅速抓住表示让步的连词、副词或介词，主要有：though，although，even though，even if，unless，if not，despite，in spite of，instead，instead of，yet，nevertheless, contrary to等。其次，根据让步状语从句的特点，知道主从句表达的意思往往相反，这时就应对问题做出预测，针对主句或针对从句有重点地去听，理解效果将会更好。

与让步紧密相关的就是转折。听力练习中带but的转折句尤其多见，这样的句子往往强调but之后出现的句子的意义，前面出现的信息只充当辅助信息，重点放在后面的信息上往往能更迅速准确地理解全句或全文。 请看例句：

Small as it is, the music band is quite popular．

这句话的意思就相当于The small music band is quite popular．其中连词as引导让步状语从句采用倒装语序，该句正是通过small和popular两个形容词形成违背常理的效果，只有迅速识别出倒装的让步状语从句，才能真正把握该句的核心。

（3） 否定句

否定句的形式多样、表达灵活，在听力训练中应予以足够的重视。常见的否定形式有：一般否定、双重否定、部分否定、全部否定和含蓄否定。常见的含有否定意味的词汇有：no，not，never，hardly,seldom,scarce,little,few,rarely,none,nothing,nobody,nor,neither,without,impossible,uninteresting,exclude,cancel,miss,inability,too…to, nothing better… than, neither…nor等。部分否定的形式常表现为all，every，always，much，many，often等词与not搭配在一起；全部否定句的句中会出现no，never，none，not，nothing，nobody，nor，neither等否定词；含蓄否定句中并不出现否定词而是通过miss，fail，without等词给句子赋予了否定概念。 请看下面的例句：

The doctor warned him not to smoke．

这句话的意思就相当于The doctor forbade him to smoke.或The doctor suggested that he should not smoke．

He is the last person I want to see．

这句话的意思就相当于I don’t want to see him． （4） 虚拟语气

虚拟语气是考生听力训练中的一个难点，这类练习的重点首先是要把真实条件句和非真实条件句区分开来。真实条件句中提到的事情有发生的可能性，但不一定要发生；非真实条件句中用虚拟语气，表示与事实情况相反。虚拟语气句中

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常用到连词if，但做这类练习时，还要注意if的省略和代用语在虚拟语气句中的使用，如由should和had引导的倒装句，but for，unless，otherwise等词引起的非真实条件句等。 请看下面的例句：

Helen wouldn’t be sick now, if she had followed the doctor’s advice．

这句话的意思就相当于Helen hadn’t followed the doctor’s advice and she was ill now．

Should anyone call，please take a message．

这句话的意思就相当于If anyone should call，write down the information． （5） 比较关系

有关比较概念的听力练习主要会涉及形容词和副词的原级比较及不同级的比较。显示比较关系的常用词汇有：as…as，so…as, not so…as, the same as, more…than, prefer…to, would rather…than, have more than enough, the most…in(among),倍数+as… as, not so much as, more than any other, no better…than, nothing better than等。

除了熟悉这些常用词汇外，还要注意used to，as expected等结构在比较句中的用法。另外，对于常用来修饰比较级的一些词汇也应掌握，如：far, much，little，a lot，even等。 请看下面的例句：

She was received more warmly than she had expected．

这句话的意思就相当于She was given a warmer welcome than she had expected.

第二章 长对话

考纲扫描

每份大学英语四级考试新题型的听力对话部分增设了两个长对话。由于此部分属于新增内容，因此对这一部分的分析，我们只能参考《大学英语四级考试》试点考试的样卷及近几次四级考试新题型试卷。首先我们将从样卷中长对话入手分析一下这一部分听力原文的选题标准以及选项设置的特点。 【示例题型】

1. A) The benefits of strong business competition. B) A proposal to lower the cost of production.

C) Complaints about the expense of modernization. D) Suggestions concerning new business strategies.

2. A) It costs much more than its worth. B) It should be brought up-to-date. C) It calls for immediate repairs. D) It can still be used for a long time. 3. A) The personnel manager should be fired for inefficiency.

B) A few engineers should be employed to modernize the factory. C) The entire staff should be retrained.

D) Better-educated employees should be promoted.

4. A) Their competitors have long been advertising on TV. B) TV commercials are less expensive.

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C) Advertising in newspapers alone is not sufficient. D) TV commercials attract more investments. 【听力原文】

W: Hello, Gary. How’re you? M: Fine! And yourself?

W: Can’t complain. Did you have time to look at my proposal? M: No, not really. Can we go over it now?

W: Sure. I’ve been trying to come up with some new production and advertising strategies. First of all, if we want to stay competitive, we need to modernize our factory. New equipment should’ve been installed long ago. M: How much will that cost?

W: We have several options ranging from one hundred thousand dollars all the way up to half a million.

M: OK. We’ll have to discuss these costs with finance.

W: We should also consider human resources. I’ve been talking to personnel as well as our staff at the factory. M: And what’s the picture?

W: We’ll probably have to hire a couple of engineers to help us modernize the factory. M: What about advertising?

W: Marketing has some interesting ideas for television commercials.

M: TV? Isn’t that a bit too expensive for us? What’s wrong with advertising in the papers, as usual?

W: Quite frankly, it’s just not enough anymore. We need to be more aggressive in order to keep ahead of our competitors. M: Will we be able to afford all this?

W: I’ll look into it, but I think higher costs will be justified. These investments will result in higher profits for our company.

M: We’ll have to look at the figures more closely. Have finance draw up a budget for these investments. W: All right. I’ll see to it.

Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 1. What are the two speakers talking about?

2. What does the woman say about the equipment of their factory? 3. What does the woman suggest about human resources? 4. Why does the woman suggest advertising on TV? 【题型分析】

1. D考查对话的主旨大意。在对话开始时，女士提到了proposal和new production and advertising strategies，随后的对话围绕这一主题展开，因而不难判断出这就是对话的主题。这和听力短文在篇章开始时就点明主旨大意的安排非常相似，因此考生在答题时应集中注意力，尽早进入考试状态。

2. B综合推断题型。在提出了主题之后对话首先展开讨论设备的问题，考生应当抓住关键信息modernize our factory和new equipment should’ve been installed long ago,据此判断，女士认为应当更新设备。本题体现了短对话中考查中心在答语上的原则。

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3. B建议题型。答案在女士的回答中直接可以找到。对于人力资源这个问题，女士认为要实现工厂的现代化，就需要聘请一些工程师。本题和短对话的建议题型基本相同，回答是解题的关键。

4. C综合推断题型。关于广告问题，男士认为电视广告太贵，而女士认为在报纸上做广告不能满足公司发展的需要，根据女士的表述it’s just not enough anymore，不难得出女士建议做电视广告的原因。 总评

这篇对话给我们的第一印象是篇幅非常的长。不过，分析考查点，可以发现，每每遇到问答的形式，考官青睐的考点、同时也是考试的重点往往落在答语上。这一点和短对话中体现的原则不谋而合，而且短对话中的建议请求原则也和此处的情况极其相似。另外还有一个特点，大家观察后不难发现，并不是每一组问答都被作为考点，作为考试重点的几组问题之间关联性是不大的。换句话来说，第一个问题考查了文章的main idea,从第二个问题开始分别考查了new business strategy所呈现的三方面问题，其中每一个方面选择了一个最重要的问题来考查，这一点又和以往的passage考查方法很类似，特别是人物生平发展或者故事类的题目很相似，每一方面的内容只考查一道题目，而且出题的顺序和文章的顺序一致。

综上所述，长对话并不可怕，它结合了短对话中对问答句式、建议请求和关键场景的考查以及对文章层次和理解能力的要求。所以做这样的题目往往需要具备综合素质，既要注意其中的细节，又要注意整体的把握，还要能够解答后面的7道题，这比以往四级题目对综合能力的要求显著提高了。建议考生在练习的时候可以先把短对话和长对话两部分分别练好，再寻找一些题目进行综合练习。 考生在备考长对话时，可参考以下几点技巧：

1.长对话出题的顺序和文章的顺序一致，因此在听力开始前应当充分利用空隙时间迅速浏览四个选项，了解对话大意，做到有的放矢。

2.和听力短文非常相似，长对话在文章开始时就点明文章大意，而且考题中也会考查文章的主题，因此考生在考试时应当集中注意力抓住主题。

3.点明主题后，随后的部分围绕这一主题展开，每个方面的论述类似短对话的问答形式，考试的重点往往落在回答中，因此考生如果能掌握短对话各种题型特点和应试技巧，那么对这类题目就会轻车熟路了。 4.长对话内容比较多，题量也比较大，因此适当地做些笔记是非常有必要的。

解题点拨

一、 学会听前读选项预测内容与问题

因为听力理解的问题不是以书面形式出现在卷面上，而是在讲话内容之后才出现，所以我们必须抓住空隙时间抢先阅读选项，这样便可以根据选项的内容预测谈话或短文的内容和提问形式，提前了解谈话或短文中可能出现的单词或词组。

对待选项应采取快速阅读的方法，一定要避免逐词阅读，否则就不可能在听录音前看完选项。选项的长短、繁简不一，具体处理方法也要有所不同。选项都比较短时，可采用扫视法。扫读选项，大体了解其内容。当选项较长时，可分两步处理：第一步，纵观全文，以发现其共同成分；第二步，采用竖读方法，着重看区别。选项（尤其是较长的选项）之间往往有相同的内容。

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Examples:

1. A) A factory. B) Two gypsies(吉普赛人). C) Horses. D) A railway line. 2. A) Because he talked to her.

B) Because the boy told the man that she is married. C) From the way she conducts herself. D) From the way she ties her hair.

3. A) They live in East Europe. B) They live in a polluted area.

C) They are so poor. D) They don’t belong to the main stream. 【解题思路】

听力开始前，考生应当快速浏览试卷上的选项，预测听力内容以及问题设置。例如第1题的四个选项，分别是四个名词，因此问题很可能是What引导的问句，提问主语、宾语等信息；第2题四个选项中前两个是because引导的原因状语从句，而介词from表示“从……判断”的意思时也可以引导做出判断的原因，因此本题的问题很可能是Why引导的提问原因的问句；第3题的四个选项是四个叙述句，因此可能提问的是细节信息。其次，浏览几个选项，可以发现大多是关于社会生活的词语，例如：factory, gypsies, horses, railway line, marry等等，可以推测本段对话可能是关于社会生活方面的内容。经过这样的预测，考生可以在考试过程中做到有的放矢，泰然自若。 【听力原文】

W: What is happening in that cover photo? What is going on there? What is burning there?

M: That’s a factory in the background. I think that was a factory, as shocking as that is. It looks like a fire, right?

W: I love that picture. Where was it taken?

M: The picture was taken in Eastern Europe. You can see it’s so Eastern European. You see, there are horses, railway lines, wires… W: And that boy? How old is the kid? M: He is 14. W: 14？

M: He looks about 60, right? W: Right.

M: And the girl. She’s married.

W: I can’t tell. How can you be sure that the girl is married? M: You see the way the scarf is tied behind her hair.

W: This reminds me of a concept. These people can be called “minority” group since they are not major.

M: That’s right. And they cannot belong to the main part of the society. Questions 1 to 3 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 1. What is NOT in the cover picture?

2. How does the man know that the girl is married?

3. Why does the man mean that the boy and the girl are “minority” group?

本段对话是由一张照片展开的。这是一张关于吉普赛人生活环境、状况的照片。两位说话人看着照片上的事物、人物进行提问、回答以及讨论。因此，如果

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预测方向正确的话，考生便可以在听的过程中集中注意力听取关键信息了。

二、 学会概括主旨大意

此类题型要求考生对听到的内容进行整体的把握和全面的领会。任何一段对话或独白都是围绕一个中心展开的，有时主旨大意较明显，有时则需要归纳。 此类题型常见的提问方式有：

What are the two speakers talking about？ What are the two speakers doing？ What is the talk／dialogue about？ What’s the topic of the passage？ Example:

M: Welcome to visit our city, Mr. Lewis—but, of course, you have been here before, haven’t you?

W: Yes, I have. What a good memory you have! I was here for the Arts Festival last year.

M: And what will you be doing on this visit?

W: Oh, I came here primarily to see some friends. But I will also be giving some private violin lessons as well.

M: I believe that your violin is rather special. Is that true?

W: Oh, yes. It was made for my uncle by a very expert German violin maker. When I began violin lessons at the age of eight, he said that when I grew big enough to handle a full-sized violin, he would give it to me.

M: So when a child begins to play the violin, he or she starts on one? W: Yes, that’s right. 【解题思路】

从听力原文中我们可以看出，对话的主要内容是女士来到某个城市后与一位男士间的对话，也可能是一次访谈。听完对话后，可以知道这个对话主要围绕这位女士学习小提琴的一些往事。考生在听完这段对话后，应当能够把握主要内容梗概，以及一些重要细节信息，例如：她哪一年开始学习小提琴的;刚开始学的时候使用的是什么样的小提琴等等。

三、 学会细节题的寻找

听力考题要求考生听清、听懂事实信息，精确理解具体细节、特殊信息，如时间、地点、人物、价钱、数量、原因、目的、结果等，同时还要对所听到的信息做简单的处理，比如数字运算、时间顺序、比较筛选、同义转换、因果关系、深层推理等。理解具体信息有助于把握话题内容、领会说话者意图。 常见的考查细节题的提问方式有： When should…？ What is…？

How does the man…？

Where is the woman going？

Which of the following is right／true？ Why did the speaker…？ Example:

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W: Dr. Thomas? This is Keet Bradley from the Daily News. I’d like to ask you some questions about the new official standard weight that you purchased. M: I’d be happy to help you. What would you like to know? W: First of all, how was the standard weight used?

M: Well, the people in our department use it to check the scales all over the country. The department of weights and measures, we are a government agency. It’s our responsibility to see that all the scales measure a kilogram accurately so this is the way we use to adjust the scales.

W: How did you check the scales before?

M: We have an old standard weight that we used to use. It had to be replaced because it was imprecise. You see it was made of poor quality metal that was too porous. It absorbed too much moisture.

W: Oh. So when the weather was humid it weighed more and when it was dry it weighed less.

M: Exactly. And that variation can affect the standards of the whole country. So our department had the new weight made out of higher quality metal. W: How much did it cost?

M: About 45 thousand dollars.

W: 45,000 dollars? For one kilogram weight? That’s more expensive than gold. Is it really worth that much?

M: I’m sure it is. Industries depend on our government agency to monitor the accuracy of scales so that when they buy and sell their products there is one standard. Think of the drug industry, for example, those companies rely on high accuracy scales to manufacture and package medicine. Q: How was the weight used? A) To check the accuracy of scales.

B) To calculate the density of other metals. C) To observe changes in the atmosphere. D) To measure amounts of rainfall. 【解题思路】

答案是A。细节题只是对对话中原句用同义词改写，有些题目甚至就原句照搬到选项中。在这一题中，即使你不知道the weight到底是什么东西，你也可以猜测它应该指代the standard weight（标准秤）。对话中曾经出现了check the scale，而对话的倒数第二句“Industries depend on our government agency to monitor the accuracy of scales so that when they buy and sell their products there is one standard.”也说明了the weight的用途。

四、 学会分析问题之间的联系和背景知识的综合应用

考生应当在听力开始之前，浏览试卷上的选项，特别是仔细分析几道题之间的联系，并根据常识、背景知识进行积极地预测。 Examples：

1. A) Mike was eager to do the course. B) Mike had done outdoor activities. C) Mike enjoyed life in the open. D) Mike was reluctant and timid.

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2. A) Hiking. B) Canoeing. C) Swimming. D) Camping. 3. A) Independent. B) Strong. C) Determined. D) Persistent. Questions 1 to 3 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

1. What conclusion can we draw about Mike before he went to the camping school? 2. Which of the following activities didn’t Mike attend?

3. Which of the following words is most proper to describe Mike after the camping school? 【解题思路】

问题1是推断题，要求考生根据听力信息做出推断。仔细分析选项，可以发现它是侧重于说话人的态度的考题，即Mike在参加学校的活动之前对野营所持的态度。问题2是细节题，提问的是Mike没有参加哪项活动。问题3也是有关说话人的态度题，提问的是Mike在参加完学校的活动之后性格上有什么变化。通过分析三个问题，我们可以知道这三个问题完全按照事情发展的时间顺序设置的，即参加前、参加中和参加后，根据常识，我们可以推断个体参加完活动后，往往会有积极的作用，Mike很可能在参加前后态度上发生了转变。

高分必备

一、 重难点词汇、句型检索

a couple of 两个，几个 ad.=advertisement n. 广告 advisor n. 导师，辅导员 a good chef 一个好厨师 agree on 同意，赞同 amazing adj. 令人惊异的

awful adj. 糟糕的，可怕的 available adj. 可得到的，可利用的 be good for one’s health 利于人的身体健康 birthday present 生日礼物 biology n. 生物 black pepper 黑胡椒 booking form 登记表 charge n. 费用 check-in 报到处，（旅馆、机场等）登记处 Chicago Bulls 芝加哥公牛队 civil war 内战，国内战争 cliff n. 悬崖,绝壁

clue n. 线索 cross-eyed adj. 斜视的，对视眼的 cycling n. 骑脚踏车兜风,骑脚踏车消遣 digest v. 消化

distinctive flavor 独特的味道 definitely adv. 明确地，干脆地 departure date 出发日期，启程日期 deposit n. 存款，押金，保证金 documentary n. 纪录片 dry in the sun 在阳光下晒干 encourage v. 鼓励 end up 竖着,结束,死

facility n. 设施，设备 fantastic adj. 荒谬的，奇异的 fee n. 费 flabby adj. 软弱的,没气力的 flavor n. 香料 flour n. 面粉 furniture n. 家具，设备 go over 复习

go through 经历，经受 green pepper 青菜椒

historical significance 历史意义 ideal adj. 理想的，完美的,想象的 in pretty good condition 情况很好，状态很好in turn 依次,轮流 involve in 参与，参加 judge v. 鉴定，评价

lamp n. 灯 landscape n. 风景，山水画，地形 look around 到处寻找，察看 lounge n. 休息室

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major n. 专业 make a fire 生火 management n. 经营，管理 mature v. 成熟，到期 mid-term n. 期中 mince v. 切碎

minimum adj. 最低的，最小的 move in 搬入，生活于

offer v. 提供 overcome v. 战胜，克服，胜过 parking n. 停车 physically adj. 身体上地

plain adj. 普通的，简单的，平常的 property n. 财产，所有物，所有权 puzzle n. 难题，谜 quality n. 质量，品质

recommend v. 推荐，建议 reinforce v. 加强，增加，增援，补充 rely on 依靠，依赖 rental adj. 租用的 sample n. 样品，品尝 sample problem 样题 screen n. 屏幕，显示器 secret n. 秘密，机密 shelf life （包装食品的）货架期，保存限期site n. 地点,场所,遗址 sneakers n. 运动鞋 taste v. 品尝

spoil v. 弄坏，损坏 stuff n. 原料,材料,素材资料 switch v. 转换，转变 survive v. 生存，幸存，存活 tennis club 网球俱乐 try on 试穿

warp up 弯曲，变皱，翘起 white pepper 白胡椒

workmanship n. 技巧，手艺 vigorously adj. 精神旺盛地 used to do sth. 过去常常做某事 utility v. 有用，效用 二、 难句选译

Actually, it is better quality and it is the same price as the sweater you are exchanging.

实际上，它的质量更好，价格跟您要换的那件相同。

Although it is made primarily from fish, it actually doesn’t have a fishy taste. 尽管它主要由鱼做成，但实际上它没有一点儿鱼腥味。

But I can’t believe you are coming to me. I mean, you do know what I got on the last test, don’t you? 我难以相信你会找我（问问题）。我是说你难道不知道我上次考试的成绩吗？

But each student has to give a presentation about the individual painter at the end of the course.

本门课程结束后每位学生必须完成关于一位画家的口头讲演。

Did you have a specific location in mind? 您对房屋地点是否有特殊要求？

For black pepper, you pick it when it’s till a little immature, and then dry it. 对于黑胡椒，它是在未长熟前采摘下来晾干的。

Here are the photos of the apartments we have available which fit your preference.

这是我们手头满足你条件的公寓的照片。 I don’t want to impose on her. 我不想影响她。

I might be willing to try the cheese flavored variety. 我想尝尝这种口味不同的干酪。

I think the red one is longer and a little looser so it will be more comfortable. 我觉得这件红色的更长、更宽松，因此穿上去更舒服。

In fact, Adidas has helped them set over 400 world records in track and field

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alone.

实际上，单单在田径比赛中，阿迪达斯就帮助他们创下了400个世界纪录。 In “World in Action” there is an investigation of multinational industrial and this one concentrates on the food and drink industries.“行动中的世界”栏目研究了多国工业，这次主要是食品业和饮料业。

It is a very good night on all four channels and I think my first recommendation would be the documentary on Channel 9 at 8∶30. 晚上四个频道都有好节目。我首推九频道八点半的纪录片。

My meeting’s scheduled to last all afternoon.按照日程安排，我的会议要开一下午。

So you can drop it off with the secretary of the art history department. 你可以把论文交给艺术历史系的秘书。

This math stuff gives me a headache if I work on it too long. 如果复习时间过长，数学会令我感到头痛。

This summer I saved some extra money and bought a new CD player. 今年夏天我攒了一些钱，买了一台CD播放机。

Two heads might be better than one. 三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。 We can offer you full parking facilities for as long as you wish. 我们能为您提供您所需要的全套泊车服务设施。

We have a minimum fee of $ 6.50,but for fifteen days it would only cost you $24.75.

最低收费金额为6.5美元。15天你只需支付24.75美元。

We like our customers to check their cars in here at least twenty minutes before check-in time.

我们希望顾客至少在机场登记前20分钟到达这儿验车。

You are so lucky to be done with your final exams and term papers. 你真是太幸运了，完成了期末考试和学期论文。

第三章 听力短文

考纲扫描

短文部分一般由3篇短文章构成，每篇150～170个单词，每篇后有3到4个问题(共10个)，要求考生听完后根据问题选择正确的答案。这部分主要测试考生的语篇记忆能力和听力理解能力。这种题型的特点是在有限的时间内，叙述一件事或论述一个观点。因此不要求听懂每一个单词，只要听懂大意，抓住关键信息，一般可答对题目。若遇到生词不必惊慌，几个生词不会影响对全文的理解。由于短文有一定的长度，仅凭大脑的记忆是不够的，考生需边听边做记录，用一些简单的符号记下重要内容。

解题点拨

1. 主旨大意题

顾名思义，主旨大意题要求考生在听懂短文的基础上归纳出短文的主题思

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想，其中还包括为短文选择最合适的题目和对作者的结论或意图进行判断归纳。这类题目主要着眼于对全篇总体上的理解。此类题常见的提问方式有： What is the main idea/topic/subject/chief purpose of this passage? What is the best title for this passage? What does the passage tell us essentially? What is the subject they are talking about?

What did the speaker mainly discuss/talk about? 【真题分析】

近两年的主旨大意题与以往相比问法上稍有变动，但根本上还是相同，选项仍以短语的方式出现。如：

A) To show how simple the mechanical aids for diving can be. B) To provide an excuse for his changeable character. C) To explore the philosophical issues of space travel.

D) To explain why he took up underwater exploration.(06，1)

对于这类题，考生在听的时候应特别注意文章开头和结尾的部分，开头部分往往点明主题，而结尾部分则可能总结全文。根据以上四个选项可以推断这是一个目的询问题，根据文章开头部分可得出正确答案为D。请看原文：

When my interest shifted from space to the sea, I never expected it would cause such confusion among my friends, yet I can understand their feelings. As I have been writing and talking about space flight for the best part of 20 years, a sudden switch of interest to the depth of the sea does seem peculiar. To explain, I’d like to share my reasons behind this unusual change of mind. The first excuse I give is an economic one. Underwater exploration is so much cheaper than space flight. The first round-trip ticket to the moon is going to cost at least 10 billion dollars if you include research and development. By the end of this century, the cost will be down to a few million. On the other hand, the diving suit and a set of basic tools needed for skin-diving can be bought for 20 dollars. My second argument is more philosophical. The ocean, surprisingly enough, has many things in common with space. In their different ways, both sea and space are equally hostile. If we wish to survive in either for any length of time, we need to have mechanical aids. The diving suit helped the design of the space suit. The feelings and the emotions of a man beneath the sea will be much like those of a man beyond the atmosphere.

Q: What is the speaker’s purpose in giving this talk?

2. 推理判断题

这类题型要求考生根据所听到的内容推断出材料所暗示的内容，例如：情节的发展趋势，作者的态度、倾向性等。推断题考查思维的逻辑性，要求能够以语篇为基础进行合理的推测。该类题型常见的提问方式如下： What will be dealt with in the following paragraph? What does the passage probably imply at the end? What can we learn/infer from the passage? What does the author imply by saying…? What does the story imply?

这类题型有两个特点：一是难度高；二是逻辑性强。推断题不仅要求考生把

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握原文信息，还要能够在此基础上合理地进行推断。关键在于这个“合理”的尺度较难把握，因为大部分推断题只要求在材料论述的内容范围内进行推测。如果过多加入自己的理解，可能会超出材料内容，选出错误的结果。

【真题分析】

A) They will become too hard to plough. B) They will soon be overgrown with kudzu. C) People will have to rely on kudzu for a living. D) People will find it hard to protect the soil.(06，6) 【听力原文】

Unless you have visited the southern United States, you probably have never heard of Kudzu. Kudzu, as any farmer in the south will sadly tell you, is a super-powered weed. It is a strong climbing plant. Once it gets started, Kudzu is almost impossible to stop. It climbs to the tops of the tallest trees. It can cover large buildings. Hall barns and farm houses have been known to disappear from view. Wherever it grows, its thick twisting stems are extremely hard to remove. Kudzu was once thought to be a helpful plant. Originally found in Asia, it was brought to America to help protect the land from being swallowed by the sea. It was planted where its tough roots which grow up to five feet long could help hold back the soil. But the plant soon spread to places where it wasn’t wanted. Farmers now have to fight to keep it from killing other plants. In a way, Kudzu is a sign of labor shortage in the south. Where there is no one to work the fields, Kudzu soon takes over. The northern United States faces no threat from Kudzu. Harsh winters kill it off. The plant loves the warmth of the south, but the south surely doesn’t love it. If someone could invent some use for Kudzu and remove it from southern farmland, his or her fortune would be assured.

Q: What will happen if the fields are neglected in the southern United States?

从被选答案中可推测文章与土地和种植物有关，而kudzu一词也出现不止一次，由此推断kudzu可能是一种植物，文章就与这种植物有关。在听的过程中，要把听力目标选定为这些相关信息，即这是一种什么植物，它如何引起人们的关注，它是否能起到保持水土的作用。

听完原文，可知kudzu（不明确它到底在中文里叫什么，没关系，只要猜出它是一种植物就行）是一种有超级能力的杂草。“In a way, Kudzu is a sign of labor shortage in the south. Where there is no one to work the fields, Kudzu soon takes over.”表明Kudzu是南方缺乏劳动力的征兆。哪里没有人在田里干活，Kudzu就会很快占领这块地方。选项B正确。 3. 细节捕捉题

细节题主要是指用Wh-问题的形式对短文中有关人名、地名、时间、原因、数据、目的、年代等提出的问题，有时也包括是非判断题。由于是对细节的考查，这类题也有一定的难度。答题时除了要把握准有关细节信息，还要听清提问的角度和具体要求。这类提问方式不拘一格，依考查的内容而异，主要有以下几种形式：

According to the passage, when/where/who/what/why/how did…? Which of the following adjectives best describes…?

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Which of the following (statements) is true/not true? Which of the following is mentioned/not mentioned?

细节题以辨认题居多。有可能几个选项在文章中都有所提及，但只要仔细听，注意分别，就能从原文中找到各自的出处。

【真题分析】

29. A) The universe as a whole.

B) A society of legal professionals.

C) An association of teachers and scholars. D) A business corporation.

30. A) Provincial colleges were taken over by larger universities.

B) Its largest expansion took place during that period. C) Small universities combined to form bigger ones. D) Its role in society went through a dramatic change. 31. A) Private donations. B) Fees paid by students.

C) Government funding. D) Grants from corporations. (06，6) 【听力原文】

The word “university” comes from the Latin word “universitas”, meaning “the whole”. Later, in Latin legal language, “universitas” meant “a society or corporation”. （29） In the Middle Ages, the word meant “an association of teachers and scholars”. The origins of universities can be traced back to the 12th to 14th centuries. In the early 12th century, long before universities were organized in the modern sense, students gathered together for higher studies at certain centers of learning. The earliest centers in the Europe were at Bolonia in Italy, founded in 1088. Other early centers were set up in France, the Czech Republic, Austria and Germany from 1150 to 1386. The first universities in Britain were Oxford and Cambridge. They were established in 1185 and 1209 respectively. The famous London University was founded in 1836. This was followed by the foundation of several universities such as Manchester and Birmingham, which developed from provincial colleges. （30） It was in the 1960’s that the largest expansion of higher education took place in Britain. This expansion took 3 basic forms: existing universities were enlarged, new universities were developed from existing colleges and completely new universities were set up. In Britain, finance for universities comes from three source: （31） the first, and the largest source, is grants from the government, the second source is fees paid by students and the third one is private donations. All the British universities except one receive some government funding. The exception is Buckingham, which is Britain’s only independent university.

Qs: 29. What did the word “Universitas” mean in the Middle Ages? 30. Why was the 1960s so significant for British Higher Education? 31. What is the main financial source for British universities?

在预读被选答案时可以发现colleges, universities，private donations等词汇和短语，即可判断本文与大学教育及其办学经费来源有关。29题与某一概念有关，而31题则侧重经费来源，所以在听的过程中就要注意这些细节信息。

再听完文章和问题之后，会发现答案基本上在原文中都能找到。29题问

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“Universitas”这个词在中世纪时是什么意思，文章开头不久就指出了答案（见中标注处），所以应选C。30题2问二十世纪六十年代对于英国高等教育为什么是一个重要年代，答案B也很明确。31题同样是细节题，英国大学的主要经济来源由提供（见双中标注处），确定答案是C。 4. 观点态度题

多数作者在撰写文章时基本上都抱着客观的态度，文章的语气一般也是中庸的，但是并非所有文章都是如此。因此，考生应当能够通过听力资料所提供的信息推断出文章作者的态度和观点，是批评，还是赞扬；是关注，还是冷漠；是恭维，还是嘲讽；是客观描述，还是主观评述等等。

考生应当具备以下能力：理解表示态度、语气等词语；分辨出反映态度、观点的关键词。这些词语通常出现在选项中，当浏览问题时发现类似词语或听到短文中出现类似词语时，考生应立即意识到这是考查作者的观点和态度。如：advisory, historical, approving, cautionary, indifferent, critical等等。 这类题型常见的提问方式如下：

Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward…? What is the tone of this passage? What does the passage say about…?

考生除了应当具备判断作者的观点态度能力以外，还应当具备通过判断选项的客观性，在听力开始前进行筛选，缩小正确选项的范围。 【真题分析】

A) They haven’t devoted as much energy to medicine as to space travel. B) There are too many kinds of cold viruses for them to identify. C) It is not economical to find a cure for each type of cold. D) They believe people can recover without treatment.(07，1) 【听力原文】

Many people catch a cold in the spring time or fall. It makes us wonder: if scientists can send a man to the moon. Why can’t they find a cure for the common cold? The answer is easy. There’re actually hundreds of kinds of cold viruses out there. You never know which one you will get, so there isn’t a cure for each one. When a virus attacks your body, your body works hard to get rid of it. Blood rushes to your nose and causes a blockade in it. You feel terrible because you can’t breathe well, but your body is actually “eating” the virus. Your temperature rises and you get a fever, but the heat of your body is killing the virus. You also have a running nose to stop the virus from getting into your cells. You may feel miserable, but actually your wonderful body is doing everything it can to kill the cold. Different people have different remedies for colds. In the United States and some other countries, for example, people might eat chicken soup to feel better. Some people take hot bath and drink warm liquids. Other people take medicines to relieve various symptoms of colds. There was one interesting thing to note. Some scientists say taking medicines when you have a cold is actually bad for you. The virus stays in you longer because your body doesn’t develop a way to fight it and kill it.

Q: According to the passage, why haven’t scientists found a cure for the common cold?

这是一篇典型的说明文。在预读备选答案时可知，这篇文章与medicine，cold

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viruses，cure有关。问题的四个备选答案中，A项“他们在医药研究方面所作出的努力不如在太空旅行研究方面大”,D项“他们相信人们不接受治疗就可以恢复”，显然这两种论述不客观，故易排除。听完文章后，不难确定（见文章标注处），正确答案是 B。 重难点词汇、句型检索 高分必备

重难点词汇、句型检索

1. A good name matching with a lucky number is considered to be able to give one an edge, which is very important in today’s competitive world. 人们认为与幸运数字相配的好名字可以为人提供优势，这一点在当今竞争世界中非常重要的。 match with：相配，符合，适合 consider v.认为，考虑 edge n. 优势 competitive adj. 竞争的

2. And they are also giving variety to newspaper content to help build the reader’s interest.

此外，他们还增加新闻内容的多样性从而增强读者的兴趣。 variety n. 不同，多样性 content n. 内容

3. At Atlantic College, the students who come from all over the world study the usual subjects and are prepared for examinations in the usual way. 在大西洋学院，来自世界各地的学生学习常规课程，并像往常那样备考。

Atlantic n. 大西洋 usual adj. 平常的，通常的，惯例的 subject n. 课程，题目，科目 prepare for：为……做准备 4. But, in addition, the students are expected to take part in other activities. 但是除此之外，学生应当参加其他活动。

in addition: 此外，另外 be expected to do sth.：应当，应该 5. But she holds five world swimming records. 但是她保持了5项世界游泳纪录。 hold…record保持……纪录

6. Everyone is going to drive electrically-powered cars, so in the few years, people won’t worry about running out of gas.所有人都将驾驶电动汽车，因此，几年后，人们无需担心汽油会耗尽。

Electrically-powered adj. 电动的 run out of 耗尽，枯竭

7. Even your character and personality is shaped to some extent by your name. 从某种程度上，甚至你的性格和个性都受到你的名字的影响。 character n. 性格 personality n. 个性

shape v. 影响，形成 to some extent：从某种程度上 8. He told me it was a bargain. 他跟我说这个很合算。 bargain n. 便宜，合算

9. However, the doctors warned that people who have stomach bleeding or other bad reactions from aspirin should not take it after heart surgery. 但是，医生提醒说胃出血或对阿司匹林有反应的人心脏手术后不应服用该药品。

warn v. 提醒，警告 stomach bleeding 胃出血 reaction n. 反应 surgery n. 外科手术

10. In Britain, if you are found guilty of a crime, you can be sent to prison or be fined or be ordered to do community work, such as tidying public places and helping the old. 在英国，如果犯罪，你就会被送进监狱或受到罚款或者要求你为社区工作，

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例如打扫公共场所、帮助老人等。

guilty adj.犯罪的，有罪的 crime n. 犯罪，罪行，犯罪行为 send to prison 入狱 fine n.罚款

order v.命令 community n. 社区，团体，工会 11. In the afternoon, it’s her mother’s turn to take her to the swimming pool and she has to have supper ready too, for all her children. 下午，该她母亲把她送到游泳池，母亲还得为所有孩子准备晚饭。

it is whose turn to do sth.：该轮到某人做某事

12. In the next few decades, people are going to travel very differently from the way they do today.

今后的几十年里，人们旅行的方式会与今天的方式迥然不同。 decade n.十年 differently adv. 不同地

13. In the United States, couples usually receive gifts from their relatives and friends when they get married. 在美国，新婚夫妇在结婚时通常会收到亲朋好友赠送的礼物。

couple n. 夫妇 relative n. 亲戚

14. It is not a tourist attraction or a museum; it is an international school for young people.

它不是一处旅游胜地或者博物馆，而是一所面向年轻人的国际性学校。 tourist attraction游览胜地 museum n. 博物馆 international adj. 国际的

15. Linda and Henry do what most top athletes do, and much training is necessary if they hope to win international races. 琳达和亨利做了多数顶级运动员做的事情，如果他们希望在世界级比赛中获胜，他们必须进行大量的训练。 athlete n. 运动员，竞技者 training n.训练 international adj.国际的，世界的 race n.竞技，比赛

16. The Chinese government’s plan to put environmental concerns into national and local economic development planning is based on its confidence and strong commitment to the concept of development. 基于对发展理念的信心和强烈责任感，中国计划将环境问题纳入国家和地方经济发展计划中去。

environmental adj. 环境的 concern n.关心的事情，考虑的事情 be based on：以……为基础 confidence n.信心，信念 commitment n.献身，责任心 concept n.理念，观念

17. The doctors who carried out the study say giving aspirin to patients soon after the operation could save thousands of lives. 开展这项研究的医生提出手术后给患者服用阿司匹林能挽救成千上万条生命。

carry out 开展，执行 aspirin n. 阿司匹林 patient n.病人，患者 operation n.手术

18. The serial pecking ritual that often follows the ceremony—in which everybody from Uncle Joe to the newspaper boy gets a shot at the bride—should be seen not as a harmless sexual game, and much less as the distribution of bridal favors, but as communal welcoming rite.

在此后的一系列的亲吻仪式中，每个人，从舅舅到卖报童都有机会亲吻新娘。这种行为不是一种没有损害的性活动，也不是一种对新娘的赞许，而是一种

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欢迎仪式。

elaboration n. 苦心经营,苦心经营的结果 initiation n. 开始

pecking ritual亲吻仪式 ceremony n. 典礼,仪式,礼节 get a shot at 有机会做bridal adj.新娘的,新婚的

19. There is advancement in every field with change in attitude and fashion. 随着态度和时尚的变化，各个领域都有了进步。

advancement n. 改进，进展，进步 field n.领域

attitude n. 态度 fashion n. 时尚，时髦

20. There must be appropriate technological and financial instruments to facilitate environmentally friendly development. 必须拥有适当的技术和金融手段激励环境和谐型发展。

appropriate v.适合的，合适的，恰当的 technological adj.技术的 financial adj.金融的，财政的 facilitate v.激励，刺激 environmentally adv.环境地 friendly adj.友好的

21. Transportation in the future won’t be limited to the ground, many people predict that traffic will quickly move to the sky. 未来的交通运输不会只局限于陆地，许多人预测交通很快会转移到天空。

transportation n. 运输，运货 limit v. ，局限 predict v.预测

22. We give gifts to express our good wishes for the marriage, but gifts aren’t necessary for the marriage itself. 我们赠送礼物是想表达我们对婚姻的美好祝福，但是礼物并不是婚姻本身所必不可少了。 express v.表达，表示 necessary adj.必需的，必要的 23. While keeping a close eye and a heavy hand on existing polluters, the officials have put more attention on prevention. 密切关注并严格控制现存的污染源，们越来越致力于防治。

keep a close eye on sth.密切关注，密切注视 keep a hand on：控制，管理 existing adj.现存的，存在的 polluter n.污染物，污染源

put attention on sth.：关注，注意 prevention n.防治，防御，预防 24. You have to decide exactly what kind of house you want, how much you can afford to pay, and the type of neighborhood you wish to live in. 你得决定你到底想要什么类型的房子，你能支付多少钱，你想居住在什么样的周边环境下。 exactly adv.正确地，严密地 kind of: 类型，种类

afford v.提供，给予，供应得起 neighborhood n.附近，邻近 25. You may also be sent to special centers where you learn practical skills like cooking, writing and car maintenance. 你还可能被送到特殊中心，在那儿你会学到一些实际技能，例如烹饪、写作和汽车维修。

practical skill实际技能 car maintenance汽车维修

第四章 复合式听写 考纲扫描

复合式听写把接受与表达融为一体，是一种综合性的测试手段，是对考生的词汇量、语法、拼写、语音、理解、知识量、记笔记等能力的全面测试。考生不仅要真正听懂材料，而且还要正确地将内容表达出来。

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解题点拨

要提高听写能力需要了解英美人的语音、语调，因为它们可以表达说话者的态度、情感和看法；同时也要了解英语的基本句型和结构，这可以帮生捕捉重要信息，预测听写内容。在此基础上抓住关键词，对听懂段落至关重要。最重要的是要在听的过程中进行适当的推理和预测，即考生根据已给出的信息和所具备的常识推测空格中该填什么样的词。 1. 填词听写的解题要领

填词听写是复合式听写的第一部分，它是以短文为基础的，不同于单句填空，要求考生从单句理解水平提高到语篇的理解水平。任何文章都是一个整体，都有其特有的内容、结构和语言特点。考生通过对上下文的分析，可以对文中的空格部分作一个初步判断，猜到可能的词性和意义，然后结合录音，最终填出正确的词汇。

2. 信息补充听写的解题要领

复合式听写的第二部分是让考生补充信息，即每段的第一句主题句已给出，考生需要填写一些比较具体的内容来说明主题句。考生可以用所听到的原话，也可用一些较简单的句型或自己的话写出表达部分的要点，但是一字不漏地将所听到的几个长句子记下来往往比较困难，因此考生应以关键词为中心进行信息重组，提高效率。 【真题分析】

Students’ pressure sometimes comes from their parents. Most parents are well (36)_______ , but some of them aren’t very helpful with the problems their sons and daughters have in (37)_______ to college, and a few of them seem to go out of their way to add to their children’s difficulties.

For one thing, parents are often not (38)________ of the kinds of problems their children face. They don’t realize that the (39)________is keener, that the required (40)________ of work are higher, and that their children may not be prepared for the change. (41)________ to seeing A’s and B’s on high school report cards, they may be upset when their children’s first (42)________ college grades are below that level. At their kindest, they may gently (43)________ why John or Mary isn’t doing better, whether he or she is trying as hard as he or she should, and so on. (44)____________________________ .

Sometimes parents regard their children as extensions of themselves and (45)_____________________________ . In their involvement and identification with their children, they forget that everyone is different and that each person must develop in his or her own way. They forget that their children, (46)_________________________________ .(07,6) 【答案】

36. meaning 37.adjusting 38. aware 39. competition 40. standards 41. Accustomed 42.semester 43.inquire

44. At their worst, they may threaten to take their children out of college or cut off funds

45. think it only right and natural that they determine what their children do with their

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lives

46. who are now young adults must be the ones responsible for what they do and what they are

【解题思路】

考生在听录音之前，应先浏览全文，掌握文章大意，然后对文中的空格处进行初步判断，猜测所填单词的词性，或所填句子的大致意思。Students pressure sometimes comes from their parents.“学生们的压力有时候来自他们的父母”。这个主题句非常重要。36题填入meaning, well meaning的意思是“本意是好的”。37题空格前是介词in,介词in后面接动名词,意义上表达“适应”的含义，所以填 adjusting。38题填入形容词，be aware of 是常用词组，意思是“意识到”。全句的意思是“他们常常意识不到他们的孩子所面临的问题”。39题填入名词。keen competition意思是“激烈的竞争”。40题填入名词，从空格后从句的谓语动词are可知此处应填入复数名词。41题较难，空格处应填入形容词Accustomed，accustomed后面跟to doing sth.表示“习惯做某事”。42题填入名词，美式英语中semester一词表示“学期”，英式英语用“term”一词。43题填入动词，在情态动词may后，应填入动词原形，enquire和inquire都正确，全句的意思是“他们或许会轻轻地问孩子们是不是在尽力”。44题填入的句子的意思是“最糟的时候，他们可能会威胁说不让他们继续上大学或者切断生活费”。45题填入的句子的意思是“有时候父母们把孩子们看做自己生命的延续，所以认为自己为他们决定未来理所当然”。46题填入的句子的意思是“他们忘记了已经长大的孩子们必须对自己的未来负责”。

重难点词汇、句型检索

1. Fate is a power believed to control all events and to be impossible to resist. 命运是一种被认为可以控制所有事件而且是无法抵抗的力量。

fate n. 命运 control v. 控制

event n. 事件 resist v. 抵抗，抵制

2. In the first place, television is not only a convenient source of entertainment but also a comparatively cheap one. 首先，看电视不仅是一种便捷的娱乐活动，而且相对来讲还是比较低廉的一种娱乐活动。

convenient adj. 方便的，便捷的 entertainment n. 娱乐，款待 comparatively adj. 比较地，相当地

3. It’s no wonder, then, that men have given up some of the automatic gestures of politeness and consideration which they used to show towards women. 那么，男性摒弃了他们原来对女性所表示礼貌、关照的自然行为就不足为奇了。 no wonder 不足为奇 give up放弃，摒弃 automatic adj. 自动的，无意识的 gesture n. 姿势，手势

politeness n. 有礼，优雅 consideration n. 体谅，考虑 4. Obviously television has both advantages and disadvantages. But do the former outweigh the latter?

很明显，电视有利也有弊。前者（利）是不是大于后者（弊）呢？

former adj. 以前的，从前的 outweigh v. 在重量（或价值等）上超过 5. Take a girl out for a meal and she’ll probably insist on paying her share of the bill.

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请女孩出去吃饭，她可能会坚持付她的那份儿。

insist on doing sth.: 坚持，坚决要求 share n. 一份，部分，份额

6. Television now plays such an important part in so many people’s lives that it is essential for us to try to decide whether it is a blessing or a curse. 当今，电视在众多人的生活中起着至关重要的作用，以至于我们有必要判断电视给我们带来的是福还是祸。

such…that以至于…… it is essential to do sth.: 做某事是非常有必要的 blessing n.祝福 curse n.诅咒，祸根

7. They just sit comfortably at home and enjoy endless series of programs rather than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere. 观看电视的人只需舒服地呆在家里，欣赏多种电视节目，而不必出去到别的地方寻找娱乐活动。 series n.系列，连续 program n. 节目

rather than: 而不是 amusement n.娱乐消遣

8. The days are gone when women could be referred to as the weaker sex without causing offense.

女士被称为弱势性别而不感到冒犯的时代已经过去了。

be referred to被称为 offense n. 进攻，冒犯，触怒

9. We get so used to looking at its movements, so dependent on its flickering pictures that it begins to dominate our lives. 我们往往盯着电视看，过分依赖闪动的图像，以至于电视开始控制了我们的生活。

get used to doing sth.习惯于 dependent on sth.: 依靠，依赖 flicker v. 闪动，闪烁 dominate v.支配，占优势

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